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网孙桑迪老师是美国亚利桑那大学高级访问学者。教学经验6年，培训学员超过6万人。主讲课程：TOEFL口语、IELTS口语、GMAT阅读、
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孙桑迪】
Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and experienced before it is studied, interpreted, and read. These latter activities have their own history, of course, which may impinge in unexpected ways on public events. It is difficult to predict when “new pasts” will overturn established historical interpretations and change the course of history.
译文：历史学家们时常遗忘，历史，就其本身在被人们研习，编译和阅读之前是不断地被制造和被体验的。毋庸置疑，这些研习，编译和阅读的过程又有他们自身的历史，并且可能会以难以想象斱式给公共事件产生的巨大冲击。这些“新的历史”将会如何颠覆已经建立的对历史解读甚至如何改变历史课程，着实难以预料。
In the fall of 1954, for example, C. Vann Woodward delivered a lecture series at the University of Virginia which challenged the prevailing dogma concerning the history, continuity, and uniformity of racial segregation in the South. He argued that the Jim Crow laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries not only codified traditional practice but also were a determined effort to erase the considerable progress made by Black people during and after Reconstruction in the 1870’s.
译文：1954年的秋天，CVW在弗吉尼亚大学开展了一系列的演讲。演讲挑战了盛极一时的关于美国南斱种族隔离史，持续性和一致性的教条观点。CVW指出，19世纪末20世纪初的吉姆克劳法不仅将于传统的习俗编纂成册，同时作为一个决定性的因素抹杀了黑人在19世纪70年代复兴时期及以后所做出的巨大进步。
This revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation grew in Part from the research that Woodward had done for the NAACP legal campaign during its preparation for Brown v. Board of Education. The Supreme Court had issued its ruling in this epochal desegregation case a few months before Woodward’s lectures.
译文：在美国有色人种协会准备布朗诉托皮卡教育局案时，CVW为其法律运动进行研究，作为研究的一部分，这种关于吉姆克劳法的修正主义观点得到了发展。早在CVW演讲之前的数月，最高法院就已经宣称了自身对于这宗划时代的反种族歧视案具有最高裁定权。
The lectures were soon published as a book. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. Ten years later, in a preface to the second revised edition. Woodward confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition “had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history of the American Revolution published in 1776.” That was a bit like hearing Thomas Paine apologize for the timing of his pamphlet Common Sense, which had a comparable impact.
译文：很快，CVW的演讲便以书籍的形式发行——《吉姆克劳的奇异生涯》。CVW在十年后再版的前言中自嘲而谦虚的讲到，《吉姆克劳的奇异生涯》的第一版开始遇到了在1776年出版的美国革命史中便可能预见到的困难。这种自嘲和谦逊类似于托马斯潘恩对其所著的影响深远的《常识》的致歉。
Although Common Sense also had a mass readership， Paine had intended to reach and inspire: he was not a historian, and thus not concerned with accuracy or the dangers of historical anachronism. Yet, like Paine, Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment, and of how historical evidence could undermine the mythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities. Martin Luther King, Jr. testified to the profound effect of The Strange Career of Jim Crow on the civil rights movement by praising the book and quoting it frequently.
译文：尽管《常识》读者众多，潘恩著书的动机仅在于直达人心，鼓舞励志：他并非历史学家，因此，对于描述中出现的时代错误，精度缺失乃至所产生的危害都未加关注。然而，如同潘恩一样，CVW对于历史中革命性的瞬间及史实将对于那些碾碎新的社会可能性梦想的所谓神话习俗的摧毁有着精确无误的直觉。马丁路德金通过对于《吉姆克劳的奇异生涯》的褒奖及多次引用对其在民权斱面所产生的深远影响给与了确认。
(编辑：Sally)