下面GMAT思频道为大家整理了GAMT逻辑归纳推理的必要条件,供考生们参考,以下是详细内容。
针对GMAT逻辑归纳题,我们有理由相信我们所面对的命题推理完全正确,因为这是考试,如放在现实生活中,则可能又是另外一番情景,然而GMAT归纳推理题仅向我们提供了少数几个必要条件,因此我们只要从这仅有的几个少数条件中推出正确答案即可。归纳推理从逻辑角度上未必正确,例如,假如张三曾经遇到来自B镇的所有人举止都非常怪异,那么他便可以构建这样一个归纳性结论----居住在B城的所有人举止也是怪异的,这一推理与其说其错误倒不如说完全体现了归纳推理的一个特点:由特殊推得一般。如果某一现象A存在,必然有现象B作为其存在的原因(条件,那么我们就说现象B是现象A存在的必要条件,换句话说,如果没有现象B,那么现象A也就失去了存在的理由(条件),我们在这里可以将必要条件理解为是满足特定要求的必不可少的条件,例如,要想实现民主,就必须赋予人民自由。
下面就让我们看两到GMAT逻辑归纳题,通过这两到逻辑题我们可以很好的理解使结论成立的必要条件是什么。
1) Mass transit authorities in large cities are struggling with deficits. Riders complain about delays and breakdowns, cuts in service, and fares higher than they are accustomed to paying. For all these reasons and because the price of gasoline is still not prohibitive, the number of passengers using public transportation has fallen, adding to the deficits.
段落释义: 大城市的公共交通主管部正努力克服财政赤字问题。乘客对交通服务中出现的时间延误,公交故障及服务项目的减少以及票价的上涨表示不满。所有这些理由加之汽油价格还没有达到无人敢问津的程度,因此公交乘客数量已经下降,这使得公交部门的赤字问题更加严峻。
Which of the following statements about the relationship between the number of riders using public transportation and the price of gasoline is best supported by the passage above?
As the price of gasoline rises, the number of riders using public transportation rises.
Even if the price of gasoline rises, the numbers of riders using public transportation will continue to decline.
If the price of gasoline rises to a prohibitive level, the number of riders using public transportation will rise.
The majority of riders using public transportation do not use gasoline; hence, fluctuations in gasoline prices are unlikely to affect the number of riders using public transportation.
The price of gasoline is always low enough to make private transportation cheaper than public transportation; hence, fluctuations in gasoline prices are unlikely to affect the number of riders using public transportation
分析:本题中给出了导致公交乘客数量下降的四个原因(条件),假设我们将这四个原因(条件)以A1,A2,A3,A4表示,而结论以B表示,那么:
A1=delays and breakdowns (公交晚点及公交故障)
A2=cuts in services(公交服务项目的减少)
A3=fares higher than they are accustomed to paying(票价高出原来乘客已经适应的价格)
A4=the price of gasoline is still not prohibitive(汽油价格还没有达到无人敢问津的程度)
B=the number of passengers using public transportation has fallen (公交乘客数量已经下降)
我们知道如果由结论推出条件,但由条件推不出结论,此条件则为必要条件,从本题中,我们可以推断B(结论)必然成立是因为有前述A1,A2,A3与A4四个条件,但是通过四个条件中的任何一个条件,我们便无法断定B(结论)必然成立,但如果B(结论)为真,那么我们可以由此结论推出四个因素(条件)中的任何一个条件必然成立,换言之,A1,A2,A3,A4为B(结论)的必要条件。C选项正好切合此条件,因此C为正确答案。