下面GMAT频道为大家整理了GMAT阅读练习：Passage 35，供考生们参考，以下是详细内容。
Kazuko Nakane’s history of the early Japanese immigrants to central California’s PajaroValley focuses on the development of farming communities there from1890 to 1940. The Issei (first-generation immigrants)(5) were brought into the PajaroValley to raise sugar beets.
Like Issei laborers in American cities, Japanese men in rural areas sought employment via the “boss” system.The system comprised three elements: immigrant wage laborers; Issei boardinghouses where laborers stayed;(10) and labor contractors, who gathered workers for a particular job and then negotiated a contract between workers and employer. This same system was originally utilized by the Chinese laborers who had preceded the Japanese. A related institution was the “labor club,”(15)which provided job information and negotiated employment contracts and other legal matters, such as the rental of land, for Issei who chose to belong and paid an annual fee to the cooperative for membership.
When the local sugar beet industry collapsed in 1902,(20) the Issei began to lease land from the valley’s strawberry farmers. The Japanese provided the labor and the crop was divided between laborers and landowners. The Issei began to operate farms, they began to marry and start families, forming an established Japanese American(30) community. Unfortunately, the Issei’s efforts to attain agricultural independence were hampered by government restrictions, such as the Alien Land Law of 1913.But immigrants could circumvent such exclusionary laws by leasing or purchasing land in their American-born(35) children’s names.
Nakane’s case study of one rural Japanese American community provides valuable information about the lives and experiences of the Isseil. It is, however, too particularistic. This limitation derives from Nakane’s(40)methodology—that of oral history—which cannot substitute for a broader theoretical or comparative perspective. Furture research might well consider two issues raised by her study: were the Issei of the PajaroValley similar to or different from Issei in urban settings,(45) and what variations existed between rural Japanese American communities?