非谓语：非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式(to do)和分词(doing/done)。
过去分词：
1.被动语态中，拿掉be动词后剩下的成分就是过去分词：isbuilt/ are hurt/was triggered，这里的built/hurt/triggered就是过去分词
2. 过去分词用作定语，如果是单个的，常置于其所修饰的名词之前如：Wemust adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.
3. 过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁，多用于书面语中。如：The cake bought by my Mum yesterday is delicious.
现在分词：1.进行时态中，去掉be动词后剩下的成分就是现在分词：werewalking/is crying/was making，这里的walking/crying/making就是现在分词
2. 现在分词作定语，可在其修饰的名词前面或后面：arunning boy; a girl standingby the tree
状语：1.状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。
2. 状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。例如：1)He speaks English very well. 2) Ten years ago, she began to live in Beijing.
从句：1.主要包括，名词性从句，定语从句(形容词性从句)，状语从句(副词性从句)。从句功能是修饰主句或者从句本身。如：1.He is good at English because he grew up in the US.(修饰主句) 2.I heard that she cried when we left.(修饰从句shecried)
名词性从句：1.起到名词性作用的句子就叫做名词性从句。主要包括：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。
2. 名词性从句充当主语就叫主语从句：1) what he wantsto tell us is not clear. 2) That she was chosenmade us happy. 3)Who will win the match is stillunknown.
3. 名词性从句充当宾语就叫宾语从句： 1) I want to know what he has told you. 2) He has told me thathe will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 3) I am thinking about whether I should quit my job.
4. 名词性从句充当表语就叫表语从句：1) The fact is thatwe have lost the game. 2) China is not what itused to be. 3) Raw material is.
5. 名词性从句充当同位语就叫做同位语从句：1) The news thatwe won the game is exciting. 2) The fact that hehas not been seen for a while disturbs everyone. 3) The thought that Mary was ill came to him.
定语从句：1.用来修饰名词或者代词的句子，就做定语从句。1)He is the man who wants to see you.2) Beijing isthe place where (in which) I was born. 3) Passme the book whose cover is green
副词性从句：1.句子用作状语，起副词作用的句子;根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句1) While John was watching TV, his wife wascooking. 2) You should put the book where you found it.3) My friends dislike me because I am rich andsuccessful.