第一部分：逻辑总纲
第一章：做题步骤
一.先读问题(通过英文标志词读出题型)。
二.再读文章(随题型不同而发生变化)。
三.再看选项。
1. 根据题型特点。
2. 排除法(通用排除法和无关词排除法)。
3. 白痴型思维。
第二章：五大题型
1.归纳
2.演绎(假设，加强，削弱，评价)
3.解释
4.填空
5.句子作用
第一节：归纳
英文标志词：conclusion; inferred; implied; supported; if above true, then it is also true.
读文章方式：不要关心文章的推导过程，尽量减少思维，承认文章正确，只抓信息
一.公共元素直推法。
If A, then B. A→B
Only if A, then B. B→A
Must by A, in order to B. B→A
If only A, then B. A→B
Not A, unless B. A→B
A, unless B. →A, →B
A require B. A→B
A is necessary to B. B→A
A depend/draw/base on B. A→B
例1.所有的人都去了。我是人。
公共信息：人
直接推结论：我去了。
例2.To be mentally healthy, people must have self-respect. People can maintain self-respect only by
continually earning the respect of others they esteem. They can earn this respect only by treating
these others morally.
Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the statements above?
(A) People who are mentally healthy will be treated morally by others.
(B) People who are mentally healthy will have treated morally those they esteem.
(C) People who are mentally healthy must have self-respect in other to be treated morally by others.
(D) People can expect to be treated morally by others only if they esteem these others.
(E) People who have self-respect seldom treat morally those esteem.
例3. Most television viewers estimate how frequently a particular type of accident or crime occurs by
how extensively it is discussed on television news shows. Television news shows report more on
stories that include dramatic pictures such as fires and motor vehicle accidents than they do on more
common stories that have little visual drama such as bookkeeping fraud.
If the statements above are true, it can be properly concluded that which of the following is also true?
(A) The time television news reporters spend researching news stories is directly related to the
number of viewers who will be affected by events like those in the news stories.
(B) It is easier for crimes such as bookkeeping fraud to go unprosecuted than it is crimes such as
arson.
(C) The number of fires and motor vehicle accidents greatly increases after each television news
show that includes dramatic pictures of a fire or motor vehicle accident.
(D) Viewers of television news show tend to overestimate the number of fires and motor vehicle
accidents that occur relative to the number of crimes of bookkeeping fraud.
(E) The usual selection of news stories for television news show is determined by the number of
news reporters available for assignment.
二.无关词排除法。
例1. 马克思说：“这本书只从资产阶级的角度去考虑问题，是不正确的。”
问题：从文中能推出马克思认为这本书应从什么角度考虑问题?
(A)奴隶主阶级 (B)地主阶级 (C)工人阶级 (E)资产阶级以外的阶级
例2. Experienced pilots often have more trouble than novice pilots in learning to fly the newly developed
ultralight airplanes. Being accustomed to heavier aircraft, experienced pilots, when flying ultralight
craft, seem not to respect the wind as much as they should.
The passage implies that the heavier aircraft mentioned above are
(A) harder to land than ultralight aircraft
(B) not as popular with pilots as ultralight aircraft
(C) not as safe as ultralight aircraft
(D) more fuel-efficient than ultralight aircraft
(E) easier to handle in wind than ultralight aircraft
第二节：演绎
读文章方式：读懂文章的推导过程。
一. 第一种文章(前提结论结构)： 标志词： since A,B; A,therefore B; A,conclude B; A,clear B; A,obviously B;
A,indicate/show B if A,then B; by A,in order to B; plan A,to B.
1. 假设。
英文标志词：assume, assumption, presuppose, additional premise, not true unless, depend on, rely on.
桥梁型。A—B
例1.New Jersey has one of the lowest motor vehicle fatality rates in the country, and it is one of the few
states that require extensive annual automobile safety inspections. Therefore, all states should
adopt similar safety inspection procedures.
The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Most states tend to impose few rules and regulations on the automobile drivers operating within
those states.
(B) Most states are skeptical that annual automobile safety inspections can reduce fatality rates.
(C) Annual automobile safety inspections contribute significantly to holding down New Jersey’s
fatality rate.
(D) Drivers in New Jersey are more safety conscious than are drivers in other parts of the country.
(E) A smaller number of people die on the roads in New Jersey than in most other states.
例2. The federal government expects hospitals to perform 10,000 organ transplants next year. But it is
doubtful that this many donor organs will be available, since the number of fatalities resulting from
car and motorcycle accidents has been dropping steadily over the past decade.
The argument above makes which of the following assumptions?
(A) A significant number of the organs used in transplants come from people who die in car and
motorcycle accidents.
(B) The number of car and motorcycle accidents will increase significantly during the next year.
(C) No more than 10,000 people will be in need of organ transplants during the next year.
(D) In the past the federal government’s estimates of the number of organ transplants needed during a
given year have been very unreliable.
(E) For any given fatality resulting from a car or motorcycle accident, there is a hospital in the
vicinity in need of an organ for a transplant.
例3. 因为别人的老婆都有别墅， 所以我也应该有别墅。
假设：我应该是别人的老婆。
例4. “On the whole,” Ms. Dennis remarked, “engineering students are lazier now that they used to be. I
know because fewer and fewer of my students regularly do the work they are assigned.”
The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Engineering students are working less because, in a booming market they are spending more and
more time investigating different job opportunities.
(B) Whether or not students do the work they are assigned is a good indication of how lazy they are.
(C) Engineering students should work harder than students in less demanding fields.
(D) Ms. Dennis’ students are doing less work because Ms. Dennis is not as effective a teacher as she
once was.
(E) Laziness is something most people do not outgrow.
例5. A test of the National Weather Service’s stormdetecting radar systems found that the 1957 system is
ten times more reliable than the new computerized system. Therefore the technology used in the new
radar system must be less sophisticated than the radar technology used in the 1957 system.
The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following questionable assumptions?
(A) The reliability of storm-detecting radar systems is determined by the frequency of breakdowns.
(B) The level of sophistication of the technology used in storm-detecting radar system can be
determined from the reliability of the system.
(C) The reliability of storm-detecting radar systems is determined by their accuracy in predicting
weather patterns.
(D) Computer hardware is now a key component of the new storm-detecting radar systems used by
weather forecasting services.
(E) Most of the significant advances in stormdetecting technology were made in the 1950s.
2. 加强。
英文标志词：support, strengthen, conclusion can be drawn if it were true that.
(1)桥梁型。A—B
(2)B存在。
例1. Because incumbent members of Congress are given a great deal of attention by the news media
and because they enjoy such perquisites as free mail privileges and generous travel allowances,
incumbents enjoy an overwhelming advantage over their challengers in elections for the United
States Congress.
Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim above?
(A) In the last congressional elections, incumbents met with a larger number of lobbyists than did
challengers.
(B) In the last congressional elections, 98 percent of the incumbents in the House of Representatives
who were seeking reelection won.
(C) Incumbent members of Congress are frequently critical of the amount of attention given to them
by the news media.
(D) The support that political station action committees provide to challengers for congressional
seats often compensates for the perquisites enjoyed by incumbent members of Congress.
(E) Of all incumbent senators surveyed before the last congressional elections, 78 percent said that
their challengers did not pose a serious threat to their chances for reelection.
例2. Recent surveys show that many people who seek media help are under a great deal of stress. Medical
research also shows that stress can adversely affect an individual’s immune system, which is
responsible for combating many infections. Thus when a person is under stress, he or she is more
likely to become ill.
Which of the following, if true, would most strength the conclusion above?
(A) Many businesses that provide health insurance for their employees also provide seminars on stress
management.
(B) Many businesses report a significant decrease in absenteeism during periods when employees feel
pressured by management.
(C) There is a marked decrease in the number of complaints presented at college infirmaries during
vacation time.
(D) There is a marked increase in the number of illness treated at college infirmaries around the time of
examinations.
(E) Most people report that being in a hospital or an infirmary is a stressful situation.
3. 削弱。
英文标志词：weaken, cast doubt, argue against, damage, counter, challenge, refute, jeopardize, undermine, drawback, flaw, criticism, reasoning error, weakness.
(1)断桥型。A≠B
例1. Scientists now believe that artificial-hip implants, previously thought to be safe, may actually
increase the risk of cancer in recipients after about 45 years of use. Though these implants do
improve the quality of recipient’s lives, the increased risk of cancer is an unacceptable price to pay
for these improvements. Therefore, they should be banned.
Which of the following, if true, is the strongest counterargument to the argument above?
(A) Artificial-hip implant surgery can cause severe complications, such as infection, chronic fever, and bone degeneration, and these complications can themselves be crippling or even fatal.
(B) Almost all artificial-hip implant recipients receive their implants at an age when they are unlikely
to live more than an additional 30 years.
(C) Although artificial-hip implants increase the risk of cancer after about 45 year of use, a few of
the cancers they induce are not fatal.
(D) Since artificial-hip implants are not very common, banning them would cause little hardship.
(E) Although the benefits of artificial-hip implant surgery have remained substantially the same over
the past decade, the price of the surgery has risen considerably.
例2. Metropolis regulation limiting to four days the period during which milk can be sold to consumers
after pasteurization is unreasonable. Under optimal conditions, pasteurized milk kept at 40 degrees
Fahrenheit remains unspoiled for at least 14 days. If Metropolis current limitation were changed to
eight days, milk prices would drop, but product quality would be unaffected.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn above?
(A) Most consumers keep milk no more than three days after purchase.
(B) A recent survey showed that 20 percent of Metropolis consumers favored extending the current
limitation on the sale of milk to 8 days.
(C) Metropolis’ grocery-store owners would prefer small, frequent deliveries of milk to larger,
infrequent deliveries.
(D) Milk kept longer than 14 days after pasteurization generally presents no medical dangers if
consumed.
(E) In Metropolis, conditions for handling and storing milk after pasteurization are seldom close to
optimum.
例3. The country of Maravia has severe air pollution, 80 percent of which is caused by the exhaust fumes
of cars. In order to reduce the number of cars on the road, the government is raising taxes on the cost
of buying and running a car by 20 percent. This tax increase, therefore will significantly reduce air
pollution in Maravia.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) The government of Maravia is in the process of building a significant number of roadways.
(B) Maravia is an oil-producing country and is able to refine an amount of gasoline sufficient for the needs of its pollution.
(C) Maravia has had an excellent public transportation system for many years.
(D) Ninety percent of the population of Maravia is very prosperous and has a substantial amount of disposable income.
(E) In Maravia, cars that emit relatively low levels of pollutions cost 10 percent less to operate, on average, than do cars that emit high levels of pollutions.
(2) 他因。
例4. The excessive number of safety regulations that the federal government has placed on industry poses
more serious hardships for big businesses than for small ones. Since large companies do everything
on a more massive scale, they must alter more complex operations and spend much more money to
meet government requirements.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) Small companies are less likely than large companies to have the capital reserve for
improvements.
(B) The operations of small companies frequently rely on the same technologies as the operations of
large companies.
(C) Safety regulation codes are uniform, established without reference to size of company.
(D) Large companies typically have more of their profits invested in other business than do small
companies.
(E) Large companies are in general more likely than small companies to diversity the markets and
products.
4. 评价。
英文标志词：evaluate, appraisal.
当加强来做。
例. According to a recent survey, marriage is fattening. Cited as evidence is the survey’s finding that the
average woman gains 23 pounds and the average man gains 18 pounds during 13 years of marriage.
The answer to which of the following questions would be most relevant in evaluating the reasoning
presented in the survey?
(A) Why was the period of time studied in the survey 13 years, rather than 12 or 14?
(B) Did some of the men surveyed gain less than 18 pounds during the time they were married?
(C) How much weight is gained or lost in 13 years by single people of comparable age to those
surveyed?
(D) Were the woman surveyed as active as the men surveyed, at the time survey was made?
(E) Will the reported gains be maintained over the lifetimes of the persons surveyed?
二. 第二种文章(因果结构)： 第三种文章(变态结构)： 第二种文章的标志词： 文中：A is due to B; A is attribute to B; A is result of B;
blame B on/for A; B is responsible for A; credit A to B.
问题中：explanation, interpretation, hypothesis.
第三种文章的标志词： 与第一种文章相同，表面上是前提结论结构，实质为因果结构，
即结论是前提的解释。
1. 削弱。
(1) 断桥型。 例1. Artificial seaweed made of plastic has been placed on a section of coast in order to reverse beach
erosion. The inventor of the seaweed has concluded that the recent buildup of sand on that section of
coast proves that the artificial seaweed reverses beach erosion.
Which of the following, if true, world most seriously weaken the inventor’s conclusion?
(A) The amount of recent sand buildup on that section of coast was less than had been predicted on
the basis of the results obtained in controlled experiments.
(B) Because artificial seaweed would be buried eventually by additional sand deposits on the coast,
more artificial seaweed would need to be put in place every four years.
(C) Artificial seaweed of another material which had been previously developed by the inventor
failed to add sand to coastline in past trials.
(D) The amount of recent sand buildup on that section of coast is the same as the amount of recent
sand buildup on otherwise very similar sections of coast without artificial seaweed.
(E) The amount of recent sand buildup on that section of coast, although considerable, is not yet
enough to replace the amount lost during storms on that section of coast in the last twenty years.
例2. The presence of microorganisms that produce a toxin cause sweater to turn brownish red,
phenomenon known as a red ride. Sea otters do not feed in areas where clams, their main source of food, have become contaminated with this toxin. According to a proposed explanation of the otter’s behavior, the otters sample the clams in a potential feeding area and can taste any toxin in them.
Which of the following, if true, would most strongly indicate that the hypothesis described in the last
sentence of the passage of the passage is not correct?
(A) In some of the area where red tides occur, neither clams nor sea otters are indigenous species.
(B) The presence of sea otters in a given area has a significant effect on which other marine
organisms are to be found in that areas.
(C) When seawater in an area unaffected by red tide is artificially dyed brownish red, sea otters do
not feed on the clams in that area.
(D) If the clams in a given areas are contaminated with toxin, sea otters move to other areas in search
of food.
(E) Although very small amounts of the toxin produced during a red tide are not harmful, large doses
can be fatal to animals the size of sea otters.
例3. Since 1945 there have been numerous international confrontations as tense as those that precipitated
the Second World War, and yet no large-scale conflict has resulted. To explain this, some argue that
fear of enormous destruction such as the Second War produced has had a dramatic deterrent effect.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the deterrent theory mentioned above?
(A) After the First World War, the fear of great future destruction was as intense as it was after the
Second World War.
(B) Psychologists have determined that the fear of retaliation tends to temper aggressiveness among
human beings.
(C) The Second World War was far less distractive than most people generally believe.
(D) Fear of repeating the levels of destruction that the Second World War produced is as pervasive
today as it was forty years ago.
(E) Many of the international confrontations that have occurred since 1945 have involved countries
that participated in the Second World War.
(2) 他因。 例. The price of maple syrup has jumped from 22 dollars a gallon three years ago to 40 dollars a gallon
today. It can be concluded that maple-syrup harvesters have been artificially inflating prices and that
governmental price regulations are necessary to control rising prices.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the conclusion drawn above?
(A) The government already requires maple-syrup harvesters to submit their facilities to licensing by
the health department.
(B) Insect infestation and drought have stunted the growth of syrup-producing maple trees and
caused less-abundant syrup harvests.
(C) Maple syrup is produced in rural areas that suffer from high unemployment.
(D) Technological improvements in maple-syrup harvesting have reduced production costs.
(E) Maple-syrup prices have risen many times in the past, though never before at the rate recently
observed.
2. 加强。
桥梁型。 例1. The population of peregrine falcons declined rapidly during the 1950’s and 1960’s and reached an
all-time low in the early 1970’s. The decline was attributed by scientists to the widespread use of the
pesticide DDT in rural areas.
Which of the following, if true, gives the strongest support to the scientists claim?
(A) DDT was not generally in use in areas devoted to heavy industry.
(B) In the time since the use of DDT was banned in 1972, the population of peregrine falcons has
been steadily increasing.
(C) Peregrine falcons, like other birds of prey, abandon eggs that fallen out of the nest, even if the
eggs remain intact.
(D) Starling, house sparrows, and blue jays-birds the peregrine falcon prey on—were not adversely
affected by DDT in their habitats.
(E) Other birds of prey, such as the osprey, the bald cage, and the brown pclican, are found in the
same area as is the peregrine falcon.
例2. The town of Stavanger, Norway, was quiet and peaceful until early 1960’s, when Stavanger became
Norway’s center for offshore oil exploration. Between then and now, violent crime and vandalism in
Stavanger have greatly increased. Clearly, these social problems are among the results of Stavanger’s
oil boom.
Which of the following, if it occurred between the early 1960’s and now, gives the strongest support
to the argument above?
(A) The people of Stavanger rarely regret that their town was chosen to be Norway’s center for
offshore oil exploration.
(B) Norwegian sociologists expressed grave concern about the increase in violent crime and
vandalism in Stavanger.
(C) Violent crime and vandalism have remained low in Norwegian that had no oil boom.
(D) Nonviolent crime, drug addiction, and divorce in Stavanger increased approximately as much as
violent crime and vandalism did.
(E) The oil boom necessitated the building of wider roads for the increased traffic in Stavanger.
3. 评价。
当加强来做。
三. 假设题补充。
not + weaken
例1. In the 1960’s long-term studies of primate behavior often used as subjects tamaris, small monkeys
that were thought ideal because they require only small cages, breed frequently, and grow quickly.
Field studies were not used because they were costly and difficult. Tamarinds were kept caged in
male-female pairs, because otherwise, serious fights erupted between unrelated females. On the basis
of the fact that breeding occurred, tamarinds were viewed as monogamous.
The view taken by the researchers concerning the monogamy of tamarinds deepened on a questionable
assumption. Which of the following could have served as that assumption?
(A) The suppression of fighting between related females serves to protect their common genetic
inheritance.
(B) Adult male tamarinds contribute to the care of tamarind infants.
(C) The social system of tamarinds requires monogamous pairing.
(D) Male tamarind monkeys do not display aggressive behavior in the wild.
(E) The way the tamarinds were kept in cages did not affect their mating behavior.
例2. Twenty percent of all energy consumed in the United States is consumed by home appliances. If
appliances that are twice as energy-efficient as those currently available are produced, this figure will
eventually be reduced to about ten percent.
The argument above requires which of the following assumption?
(A) Home-appliance usage would not increase along with the energy efficiency of the appliances.
(B) It would not be expensive to produce home appliances that are energy-efficient.
(C) Home-appliance manufacturers now have the technology to produce appliances that are twice as
energy-efficient as those currently available.
(D) The cost of energy to the consumer world rise with increase in the energy efficiency of home
appliances.
(E) The percentage of energy consumed by home appliances will increase if existing appliances are
not replaced by more energy-efficient models.
例3. Inspection system X and inspection system Y, though based on different principles, each detect all
product flaws but they each also erroneously reject three percent of flawless products. Since false
rejections are very costly, monkey will be saved by installing both systems, instead of either one or
the other, and rejecting only products found flawed by both.
The argument above requires which of the following assumption?
(A) The three percent of flawless products that system X rejects are not all the same products, piece for piece, that system Y erroneously rejects.
(B) It is less costly to accept a flawed product than to reject a flawless one.
(C) In their price range, system as X and Y are the least error-prone inspection systems on the market.
(D) Whichever system performs the second inspection needs to inspect only products not rejected by the first system.
(E) Any way of detecting flaws, other than by using either system X or system Y, requires complete disassembly of the products.
例4. 染上t这种病的人一次又一次重复发作。这就证明了t这种病从未被根治过。
假设?(关于这种人)
(A) 不可能被完全根治t。
(B) 并不理解什么导致t。
(C) 未获得t的药物治疗。
(D) 不采取步骤避免得t。
(E) 并未重复感染上t。
例5. Statistics over four consecutive years showed that four percent more automobile accidents happened
in California during the week following the switch to daylight saving time and during the week
following the switch back to standard time than occurred the week before each event. These statistics
show that these time changes adversely affect the alertness of California drivers.
The conclusion in the argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Drivers in California as well as those in the rest of the United States have similar driving patterns.
(B) The observed increases in accident rates are due almost entirely to an increase in the number of minor accidents.
(C) Four years is not a sufficiently long period of time over which to judge the phenomenon described.
(D) There are no other factors such as school vacations or holiday celebrations that cause accident rates to rise during these weeks.
(E) A time change at any other time of year would not produce a similar increase in accident
例6.Although the ratio of physicians to total population is about the same in the United State and Canada, the United States has 33 percent more surgeons per capita. Clearly, this is the reason people in the United States undergo 40 percent more operations per capita than do Canadians.
The explanation given above rests on an assumption that
(A)patients in the United States do not have a greater need for surgery than do patients in Canada.
(B)the population of the United States is not larger than that of Canada.
(C)United States patients sometimes travel to Canada for certain kinds of surgery.
(D)general practitioners in the United States do not as a rule examine a patient who is a candidate for surgery before sending the patient to a surgeon.
(E)there are no unnecessary surgical operations performed in Canada.
第三节：解释。
英文标志词：explain, reason, account for, provide a rationale for, reconcile the discrepancy/paradox.
读文章方式：不要关心文章的推导过程，只需从文中拎出所要解释的对象说它对即可，用常识解题。
1.解释结果。
例1. The population of elephant seals, reduced by hunting to perhaps a few dozen animals early in this
century, has soared under federal protection during the last few decades. However, because the
species repopulated itself through extensive inbreeding, it now exhibits a genetic uniformity that is
almost unparalleled in other species of mammals, and thus it is in far greater danger of becoming
extinct than are most other species.
Given the information in the passage above, which of the following is most likely the reason that
other species of mammals are less likely than elephant seals to become extinct?
(A) Other species of mammals have large populations, so the loss of a few members of the species is not significant.
(B) Other species of mammals have increased their knowledge of dangers though the experience of generation after generation of animals.
(C) In other species of mammals, hunters can readily distinguish between males and females or between young animals and adults.
(D) In other species of mammals, some members of the species are genetically better equipped to withstand a disease or event that destroys other members of the species.
(E) Other species of mammals have retained habits of caution and alertness because they have not been protected as endangered species.
2.解释矛盾。(注意侧重点)
例2. During the day in Lake Constance, the zoo-plankton D. hyalina departs for the depths where food is
scare and the water cold. D. galeata remains near the warm surface where food is abundant. Even though D. galeata grows and reprocess much faster, its population is often outnumbered by D. hyaline.
Which of the following, if true, would help resolve the apparent paradox presented above?
(A) The number of species of zooplankton living at the lakes is twice that of species living at the surface.
(B) Predators of zooplankton, such as white-fish and perch, live and feed near the surface of the lake during the day.
(C) In order to make the most of scare food resources, D. hyaline matures more slowly than D. galeata.
(D) D. galeata clusters under vegetation during the hottest part of the day to avoid the sun’s rays.
(E) D. galeata produces twice as many offspring per individual in any period of time does D. hyalina.
例3. For the United Stats meat industry, there is good news and bad news. The bad news in that over the
last three years people in the United States have been eating less meat. The good news is that during
this same time period meat producer’s profits have risen steadily.
Which of the following, if true during the last three years, contributes most to a resolution of the
apparent discrepancy above?
(A) People have been eating less meat because they are more health conscious than in the past.
(B) In the United States many new restaurants that specialize in vegetarian meals have opened.
(C) Competition from the growing fish industry has forced meat producers to sell meat at bargain prices in an attempt to attract more consumers.
(D) Countries that are unable to produce enough meat for their populations have become a new and lucrative market for United States meat producers.
(E) Meat producers have invested large amount of money on advertising in order to win back consumers who have decreased their meat consumption.
第四节：填空。
英文标志词：▁▁和complete the sentence。
读文章方式：不要关心文章的推导过程，只要知道文章说了什么即可，注意文章前后通过相同词的连接。
1.完成文章最后一句话。
2. 与文章前面所给信息相一致。
例. Which of the following best completes the passage below?
“Government” does not exist as an independent entity defining policy. Instead there exists a group of
democratically elected pragmatists sensitive to the electorate, who establish policies that will result
in their own reelection. Therefore, if public policy is hostile to, say, environmental concerns, it is not
because of governmental perversity but because elected officials believe that ____.
(A) environmentalists would be extremely difficult to satisfy with any policy, however environmentally sound
(B) environmental concerns are being accommodated as well as public funds permit
(C) the public is overly anxious about environmental deterioration
(D) the majority of voters vote for certain politicians’ idiosyncratic positions on policy issues
(E) the majority of voters do not strongly wish for a different policy
第五节：句子作用题。
英文标志词：boldface, play roles.
读文章方式：首先分析黑体字部分是evidence还是conclusion，然后通过转折词判断evidence和conclusion间的关系。
例1. The use of nets at beach resorts to protect swimming areas from sharks has been criticized by
environmentalists because the nets needlessly kill thousands of marine animals annually. However, environmentalists have recently discovered that an electrified cable buried beneath the periphery of swimming areas causes sharks to swim away while harming neither humans nor marine life. Hence, by installing such cables, resort communities will be able to maintain tourism while satisfying environmentalists’ concerns.
The statement concerning what the environmentalists recently discovered plays which of the
following roles in the argument?
(A) A premise of the argument
(B) The conclusion of a key term in the argument
(C) A clarification of a key term in the argument
(D) A reiteration of the conclusion for the sake of emphasis
(E) A statement of the position that is being argued against
例2. 证据表明：1喝可乐的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明：2可乐导致心肌功能衰退。所
以，3可乐不好。但就算证据正确，由于4喝可乐的人往往在喝之前已经是心力衰竭者，所
以不能说明可乐导致心功能衰退。并且5可乐中含有大量微量元素，所以6喝可乐好。7请喝可乐吧!
1、是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence;2、是mid conclusion，支持conclusion3;3、是
conclusion， 4和5也是evidence，它们反对2和3，其实是反对1à 2à3的论证(argument,
argument=evidence+conclusion);4、是通过指出AàB本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1à2进行削
弱，而5是通过CàB对2à3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。7和本文的逻辑推导无关，称作suggestion，其位置一般在文章的最后。
例3. 彗星(comet)进入A星球大气层前的颗粒大小没有被观察到。但人们可以根据1comet颗粒上
含有硫磺(sulfa)来推测颗粒大小。Comet颗粒本身一定是不含sulfa的， 2A星球云层含有大量
的sulfa。Comet颗粒必须有足够的大小不被烧光而穿过大气层，才能携带上sulfa。
问题：The boldface in the argument above plays which of the following roles?
Both 1 and 2 support the conclusion.
1 support conclusion and 2 support 1.
答案是：A.
第六节：逻辑题型总结
一.归纳。(不要关心文章的推导过程，尽量减少思维，承认文章正确，只抓信息)
1. 公共元素直推法。
2. 无关词排除法。
二.演绎。(读懂文章的推导过程，承认事实A，对文章的推测方向B进行评价)
第一种文章(前提结论结构)： 第二种文章(因果结构)： 第三种文章(变态结构)： 第一种文章的标志词： 文中：since A,B; A,therefore B; A,conclude B; A,clear B;
A,obviously B; if A,then B; by A,in order to B; plan A,to B.
第二种文章的标志词： 文中：A is due to B; A is attribute to B; A is result of B;
blame A on/for B; B is responsible for A; credit A to B.
问题中：explanation, interpretation, hypothesis.
第三种文章的标志词： 与第一种文章相同，表面上是前提结论结构，实质为因果结构，
即结论是前提的解释。
1.假设。
(1)桥梁型。A—B
(2)not + 削弱。
2.加强。
(1)桥梁型。A—B， (2)B存在。
3.削弱。
(1)断桥型。A≠B, (2)他因。 , 4.评价。
当加强来做。
三.解释。(不要关心文章的推导过程，只需从文中拎出所要解释的对象说它对即可)
1. 解释结果。
2. 解释矛盾。(注意侧重点)
四.填空。(不要关心文章的推导过程，只要知道文章说了什么即可，注意文章前后通过相同词的连接)
完成最后一句话，且与文章前面某处相一致
五.句子作用。(大概读懂文章即可)
首先分析黑体字部分是evidence还是conclusion，然后通过转折词判断evidence和conclusion间的关系。
第三章：排除法
一、通用排除法。
1.对结论作用不明确(CEO)。
2.非事实性。
① if/when/as/whenever/whichever/whoever后的信息文中没有。
② necessary 后的信息文中没有。
③ 权威(authority)，Scientist, Leader believe/agree。
④ 大众(popular beliefs and values)，Most people believe/agree。
3.比较级。
① 对象。
② 点。
③ 分类。
④ 极端。most, any, cannot
4.时间不一致。
二.特殊排除法(无关词排除法)。
归纳(最严格)
假设(肯定桥梁)
加强(有时换同义词，较严格)
flaw
填空(难文章严格)
第四章：猜题原则
一、假设，加强题有same, equal, as…as, not different表示相同的词，削弱有different表示区别的词
为标志。
二、结论有比较级(演绎题)，答案也有同样的比较。
三、文章是类比论证，假设，加强找相同点，削弱找差别点。
四、文章结构为：措施→目的，答案中含措施。
五、文章难猜A，EXCEPT猜E。