托福TPO-33 Lecture 1
听一段节选自考古学课堂的讲座。
教授：埃及吉萨金字塔也许是世界上最著名的建筑。
我们知道建造它的确切时间。
始建于公元前2547年，约4500年前。
我们知道是谁建造了它。
胡夫法老。
而且我们知道谁监督着它的建设——法老的兄弟。
我们知道关于它的很多事情，但有趣的是我们仍不知道它到底是怎么建造的。
这张照片给你介绍了金字塔与建成金字塔的方砖大小。
建造大金字塔用了约200万石块，而且它们极其庞大。
平均重量是2.5吨。
几个世纪让学者们困惑的问题是在不利用现代科技的情况下，这些砖块是如何举到这个大型建筑物的高度，然后放到恰当的位置。
当然几个世纪以来有很多理论存在。
最古老的记录是来自希腊的历史学家希罗多德。
他在大约公元前450年参观过埃及，这时金字塔已经建造了2000年之久。
他的理论是用到了起重机，就像我们今天用起重机建造高楼一样。
希罗多德也许看到埃及人用木制的起重机。
但这个理论的问题是与简单的力学有关。
一个起重机需要广而结实的底座支撑，否则它将会倒塌。
当你到金字塔的顶端时，那里确实没有地方留给起重机。
石块太窄无法为底座让位。
那么，这个理论就讲到这里。
下一个与坡道使用有关，它允许工人从建筑的一侧将石块拉上去。
当然坡道不能太陡。
它应该有一个长长的缓坡，而这就是问题。
如果你要建造一个抵达金字塔顶130多米高的缓坡坡道，那么它几乎是两公里长。
金字塔建在吉萨平原，这个平坦的地区。
这个平原没有足够大的地方容纳一个两公里长的坡道。
好的。那么现在怎样?
如果你曾在山路上开过车，你会知道山路上有很多迂回曲折的弯路，因为工程师以此防止道路过陡。
那么为什么不用坡道环绕在金字塔周围?
按照你想的在它的周围建造坡道。
听起来是个好主意。
除了有一个严重的问题。
你看……大金字塔最为非凡的一件事是它的比例十分精确。
尺寸几乎完美。
Listen to part of a lecture in an archaeology class.
Professor: The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt might be the most famous building in the world.
We know exactly when it was built.
Construction started in 2547 B.C.E., about 4500 years ago.
We know who had it built.
That was the pharaoh Khufu.
And we know who oversaw its construction—the pharaoh's brother.
We know so many things about it, but the funny thing is: we still don't know exactly how it was built.
This picture will give you an idea of the size of the Pyramid and the size of the blocks it's made out of.
About two million stone blocks were used to build the Great Pyramid and they are incredibly massive.
The average weight is two and a half tons.
The problem that has puzzled scholars for centuries is how were these blocks lifted up the height of this massive structure and then fit into place and without the benefit of modern technology.
Of course, there've been a lot of theories over the centuries.
The oldest recorded one is by the Greek historian Herodotus.
He visited Egypt around 450 B.C.E. , when the Pyramid was already 2000 years old.
His theory was that cranes were used, much like we use cranes today to construct tall buildings.
And Herodotus may have seen Egyptians using cranes made of wood.
But the problem with this theory has to do with simple mechanics.
A crane needs a wide and sturdy base to stand on or it will fall over.
Well, as you get toward the top of the Pyramid, there's really no place for a crane to stand.
The stone blocks are too narrow to provide a base.
Well, so much for that theory.
The next one has to do with the use of a ramp that would allow workers to drag a stone block up the side of the structure.
Of course the ramp can't be too steep.
It has to have a long gentle slope. And that's the problem.
If you build a ramp with a slight slope up to the top of a Pyramid that's over 130 meters high, it would have to be almost two kilometers long.
Well, the Pyramid is built on a flat area called the Giza Plateau.
The Plateau is simply not big enough to accommodate a two-kilometer-long ramp.
OK. So what now?
Well, if you've ever driven on a mountain road, you'd know that it has a lot of twists and turns and bends in it because that's how engineers keep the road from having to be too steep.
So why not wrap the ramp around the Pyramid?
Building the ramp around it as you go.
Sounds like a pretty good idea.
Except it's got a serious problem.
See...one of the most remarkable things about the Great Pyramid is how accurate the proportions are.
The dimensions are almost perfect.
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