连读是英语听力中常见现象,也是阻碍童鞋们听懂
一、连读的条件
相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关,同属一个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重读,只需顺其自然地一带而过,不可读得太重。
1.“辅音+元音”型
连读在同一个意群里,如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾,后一个词是以元音开头,这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。
eg. I’m~an~English boy.
It~is~an~old book.
Let me have~a look~at~it.
Ms Blackworkedin~an~officeyesterday.
Put~it~on,please.
Not~at~all.
Please pick~it~up.
2. “r/re+元音”型连读
如果前一个词是以-r或者-re结尾,后一个词是以元音开头,这时的r或re不但要发/r/,而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。
eg. They’re my father~and mother.
I looked for~it here~and there.
There~is a football under~it.
There~are some books on the desk.
Here~is a letter for you.
Here~are four~eggs.
But where~is my cup?
Where~are your brother~and sister?
但是,如果一个音节的前后都有字母r,即使后面的词以元音开头,也不能连读。
The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.(nearer与and不可连读)
3.“辅音+半元音”型连读
英语语音中的/j/和/w/是半元音,如果前一个词是以辅音结尾,后一个词是以半元音,特别是/j/开头,此时也要连读。
eg. Thank~you.
Nice to meet~you.
Did~you get there late~again?
Would~you like~a cup~of tea?
Could~you help me, please?
“音的同化”—常把/d/+/j/读成/dV/,did you听上成了/dIdVu/,would you成了 /wudVu/,could you成了 /kudVu/。
4.“元音+元音”型连读
如果前一个词以元音结尾,后一个词以元音开头,这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。
eg. I~am Chinese.
He~is very friendly to me.
She wants to study~English.
How~and why did you come here?
She can’t carry~it.
It’ll take you three~hours to walk there.
The question is too~easy for him to answer.
5.当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时,意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现,也不可连读。
Is~it a~hat or a cat?(hat与or之间不可以连读)
There~is~a good book in my desk. (book与in之间不可以连读)
Can you speak~English or French? (English与or之间不可以连读)
Shall we meet at~eight or ten tomorrow morning? (meet与 at,eight与or之间不可以连读)
She opened the door and walked~in. (door与and之间不可以连读)
二、失去爆破
6个爆破音有3对/p/,/b/; /t/,/d/; /k/,/g/
失去爆破,又叫不完全爆破,就是在某些情况下,只须做出发音的准备,但并不发音,稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。
1.“爆破音+爆破音”型
6个爆破音中的任意2个相临时,前一个爆破音会失去爆破,即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势,稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破
eg. The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now.
The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people.
Wha(t) time does he get up every morning?
This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car.
The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too.
We’re going to work on a farm nex(t) Tuesday.
What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee?
It’s a very col(d) day, but it’s a goo(d) day.
You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden.
I bought a chea(p) book, but it’s a goo(d) book.
2.“爆破音+摩擦音”型
如果前面是爆破音,其后紧跟着某些摩擦音(如/f/,/s/,/W/,/T/等),那么前面那个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破,而后面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。
eg. Goo(d) morning, Mr. Bell.
Uncle Li’s fa(c)tory is qui(te) near to the cinema.
I wen(t) there alone a(t) nine las(t) night.
-Do you know his bi(ke) number? -Sorry, I don’(t) know.
The forty-firs(t) lesson is qui(te) difficult.
Goo(d) luck, Lin Tao.
三、浊化
1、[S] 后面的清辅音要浊化
eg. discussion: [c] 浊化成 [g]
stand: [t] 浊化成[d]
expression: [p]浊化成 [b]
2、美音中:[t] 在单词的中间被浊化成[d]
如: writer,听起来和 rider 的发音几乎没有区别
letter—ladder
美国人和加拿大人发音为了省事,习惯清音浊化,尤其是[t]在单词的中间一定会浊化成[d], 但英国人发音不会这样,这也是英音和美音的一大区别。了解这一浊化原则,会给听力带来一些帮助。
四、弱读
一般来说: 实词重读,如动词、名词、副词等;
虚词弱读,如介词、代词等。
弱读的规则一般是:元音音节弱化成 [E],如单词 for, from, to, some, am, do, have, does
强式 [fC:] [frC:m] [tU:] [sQm] [Am] [dU:] [hAv] [dQz]
弱式 [f[] [fr[m] [t[] [s[m] [[m] [d[] [h[v] [d[z]
五、英音和美音的差异
由于美音的流行,四级考试听力也以美音为主,但是,由于历史的原因,我国大多数英语教师的发音,仍然以英音为主,所以,我们脑海中根深蒂固的英式发音,可能和磁带中的发音不一致,进而造成四级听力中的障碍。英语和美语在读音上的差异主要反映在元音字母a, o 和辅音字母r 的不同读音上。
在ask, can't, dance, fast, path 这一类的单词中,英国人将字母a 读作[a:],而美国人则读作[æ],所以这些词在美国人口中就成了[Ask][kAnt][dAns][fAst]和[pB:W]。