今天
Section 1
Conversation 1
1. Why does the student go to the man's office?
A.To get some advice on an article that she is writing
B.To find out about getting a job on the student newspaper
C.To protest the university's decision about a statue
D.To complain about an article in the student newspaper
答案：D
解析：(原文中)But you know, the editor used the situation to say some really unfair things, about the student government, and the president Sally Smith in particular. I think the paper should publish a retraction, or at the very least an apology to Sally.
Advisor 问：Is this something to do with what the editor wrote about the statue? 这里开始就是重点了。前面虽然有问答但是学生都回答的太笼统，这个问句终于开始问关键问题了。学生回答的也很明显，But you know 是提示词，后面的开始时关键。她说编辑利用她的位置登出的文章有一些很不公平的事，尤其是针对 Sally Smith 的，要求道歉。选项没啥很迷惑的选项，选择 D。
2. What points does the man make about the article they are discussing? Click on 2 answers
A.It was the personal viewpoint of the writer
B.It was based on research by one of the editors
C.It was meant to be humorous.
D.Not many people have read it.
答案：AC
解析：(原文中)(56 秒)定位句Ok. Um… if I remember correctly, what you are referring to wasn’t a news story, but an editorial, right? Eh, it was on the opinion page, it was signed by one of the editors, and was clearly labeled as commentary.
文中不仅出现 Ok，Um 这种提示词，后面还有 but，和 right?这种自问自答，很明显提示这就是答案了。advisor 说，他记得表明了是个人观点，并说明是一个 commentary。. 所以答案AC是正确滴，B中 research 没有提到过，D 更是没说有多少人读。
3. What is the student's opinion of the editorial's representation of Sally Smith?
A. She agrees it was accurate.
B. She believes it was not respectful.
C. She believes that the editor was referring to someone else.
D. She agrees that the editorial's focus on Sally's background is relevant
答案：B
解析：(1’18”原文中)And, well, the tone in the editorial was demeaning. It accused her of not respecting the past and it had some personal stuff that seemed unnecessary.
And，well 还微停顿，所以，这就是出题点了。女生提到编辑的声音是有损人格的(demeaning)，所以答案是 B，不尊重人的。
4. What does the man imply about the university's student government organization?
A. Its reputation has been damaged by recent events.
B. Its leaders need to be more careful about what they say in public about the university.
C. It will probably benefit from what the newspaper printed about it
D. Its communications with the public have recently become more effective
答案：C
解析：(1’44”)(1’18”原文中)I’d say the article is bringing attention to the student government organization, which is pretty invisible. Eh, you rarely hear about what the student government is doing.
这句话是在 advisor 引用了一句“all publicity is good publicity”，而且还是问句之后出现的，应该引起同学们的注意。Advisor 说这篇文章为 student government organization 带来了关注，所以 student government organization 也获得了好处。而以前很少听到学生组织都在干什么，所以选 C，benefit from the article。
5. What does the woman imply when she says this [Really? She would let us do that? ]
A. She does not think that she is capable of writing the response herself.
B. She has already prepared a response to give to the editor
C. She is worried that Sally is too upset to participate.
D. She is not convinced that the editor will agree to the request.
答案：D
解析：(2’35”)(1’18”原文中)[Really? She would let us do that? ]
前后都进行了重放，前面说的是 advisor 建议女生去找编辑，希望得到公平，并可以写一个回应，女生说 really??表示对这个建议的怀疑，不确定。选择 D。语气加上前面的场景，很容易理解。
Lecture 1
6. What does the professor mainly discuss?
A. Sudden population increases in early states
B. Possible reasons for the formation of early states
C. Consequences of agricultural land shortages in ancient Egypt
D. Common political problems of chiefdoms
答案：B
解析：(4”)(1’18”原文中)One of the big questions when we look at prehistory is why did the earliest states form?
这位教授开头没废话，直接说了一个 big question，就是 why…所以就选 possible reasons。听好开头很重要，一般的主旨题会定位在开头。
7. According to the professor, what are two typical characteristics of a band? Click on 2 answers.
A. It is the smallest type of group.
B. It is the most sociopolitically complex type of group
C. It practices intensified agriculture
D. It is able to meet its own basic needs.
答案：AD
解析：(15”)(1’18”原文中)The human groups that are the smallest and have the least social and political complexity, we call bands.
(1’20”)At the least complex end of the spectrum, the few families living in bands are able to meet their own basic needs.根据这两句话，可以确定答案为AD。
首先，教授说的分类要听清楚，A 选项就可以选出来了再来，教授问了一堆问题之后，提出了一个理论，然后开始解释，At the least complex end of the spectrum,这句话出现之后，教授说最不复杂的也就是 bands，他们比较少的家庭能够满足他们基本需求。D 选项也成为了答案。
8. What does the professor say is a characteristic feature of states?
A. States often damage the environment of the area they occupy
B. States engage in trade to obtain necessary goods for their population.
C. States often undergo sudden changes in population.
D. States manage food production for the entire population.
答案：D
解析：(2’09”)(1’18”原文中)To manage intensified food production, to collect, store and distribute food, you need centralized decision-making, centralized decision-makers.
前面教授说，如果有大量人口，只依靠野生的动植物是无法支撑整个人口的，所以要依靠技术来增加产量以供足够的人口吃。，并且还要解决由于增加的人口要与资源作斗争的问题(下一题考点)，所以，需要中心的做决定的人，选择 D。这一题也许大家会纠结，文中并没有提到 states，但是相较于 bands，large population 就可以理解为 states 了，这题具有一定的难度。
9. What reason for prehistoric social problems does the professor mention?
A. Competition for resources
B. Poor decisions by the ruling class
C. The existence of several conflicting legal codes
D. Cultural differences between neighboring states
答案：A
解析：(2’03”)(1’18”原文中)And there is an increase need to resolve social problems that arise as people begin to compete for resources.
考查原句。定位句说的很清楚，答案选A，只要听清楚就可以了。
10. Why does the professor mention upper, middle, and lower classes?
A. To explain why formal legal codes were developed
B. To explain what factors caused the destruction of several early states
C. To stress the importance of agricultural workers
D. To further describe the organization of states
答案：D
解析：(2’36”)(1’18”原文中)By definition, states had at least three social levels. Usually, an upper class of rulers, a middle class comprised of managers and merchants, and a lower class of crop producers and agricultural laborers.
就是进一步解释 states 的结构组成。前面三个选项都没有提及。
11. What is the professor's opinion about the environmental approach?
A. It will remain popular for a long time.
B. It does not help explain how early states formed.
C. Some evidence supports it, but other evidence contradicts it
D. It should be applied when analyzing hierarchies
答案：C
解析：(3’24”)(1’18”原文中)Well, there were some early states that formed where there wasn’t any sudden population increase. So it seems that these are valid criticisms of the environmental approach.
文章的最后一句话，一定要听清楚。通常会有考题。教授说有一些早些时候有一些的国家没有 sudden population increase，所以针对这个方法这个理论使用，但是也有很多批判，教授观点还是很中立的。
Lecture 2
12. What is the main purpose of the lecture'?
A. To compare solutions to the greenhouse-gas problem
B. To examine methods used to study star formation in other solar systems
C. To discuss evidence for liquid water on young Earth and Mars
D. To discuss attempts to solve a puzzle related to the Sun
答案：D
解析：(1”)(1’18”原文中)Today, I want to talk about a paradox the ties in with the topic we discuss last time.
这位教授说today，这是主旨句的标志词。教授说，我要讨论一下有关我们上次讨论问题的悖论。然后再结合之后的内容，就可以选出 D 了。C 带有很强的迷惑性，因为在第一句之后，教授就开始各种说 evidence，但是结合全文就知道 C 不正确。有的时候在听完开头不能确定主旨之后，需要结合全文来判断。
13. Why is geological evidence of liquid water on Earth and Mars three to four billion years ago problematic?
A. It suggests that the solar system is younger than it could possibly be.
B. It suggests that the young Sun was less bright than it is today.
C. It challenges the prevailing model of star formation.
D. It contradicts theories about the beginning of the universe
答案：C
解析：(1’16”)(1’18”原文中)Now, this apparent contradiction between geologic evidence and the stellar evolution model became known as the faint young Sun paradox.
这句话很容易注意到，前面教授有一个停顿，并且有学生插话，这都是应该注意的地方。并且 now 这个词也提示了答案的出现。教授说这个违背了geologic evidence and the stellar evolution model证据和星星的进化模型。所以选 C。 ，违背了流行的关于星星形成的模型。
14. Why did the greenhouse-gas solution fail to explain the early presence of liquid water on Earth and Mars? Click on 2 answers.
A. The types of gases that were present in their atmospheres could not have caused temperatures to rise.
B. There was insufficient carbon dioxide in their atmospheres to produce a greenhouse effect.
C. Solar radiation would have destroyed the ammonia in their atmospheres.
D. Clouds of ammonia would have lowered temperatures by blocking out sunlight.
答案：BC
解析：(2’15”)(1’18”原文中)But the studies also indicate that they weren’t high enough to do the job—make up for a faint Sun.
前面说了很多，突然一个说的特别清楚地 BUT but出现了，教授说carbon dioxide虽然 CO2 多，但是不够多，B 选项正确。But ammonia would have been destroyed by the ultra-violet light coming from the Sun and it had to be ruled out too. 两个 BUT 出现，两个原因也就都说清楚了吧~氨气会被紫外线破坏，所以也不行。D C 正确。
15. Why does the professor mention the solar wind?
A. To explain a way the Sun is losing mass
B. To point out that it was less intense billions of years ago
C. To suggest a reason for early climate differences between Earth and Mars
D. To explain the importance of solving the faint-young-Sun paradox
答案：A
解析：(3’17”)(1’18”原文中)Actually, the Sun is constantly losing mass through the solar wind, a stream of charged particles constantly blowing off the Sun.
根据这句话可知提出solar wind是为了explain a way the Sun is losing mass。
教授很慢很清楚地说 Well, the answer is mass. 开始提示我们下面讲的是重点，然后有两个问答，也是对我们的提示，教授说 Actually…就是解释之前的问答，很显然，答案选择 A。
16. What factor did astronomers consider when calculating the required solar mass for liquid water to exist on Earth and Mars?
A. The young Sun lost mass at a slower rate than it currently does.
B. The young Sun was closer to the planets than it currently is.
C. The young Sun had less solar wind activity than it currently does.
D. The young Sun comprised greater amounts of helium than it currently does.
答案：B
解析：(3’59”)(1’18”原文中)They also took into account that with a more massive young Sun, the planets would be closer to the Sun than they are today.
Also 和两个比较级都是出题点。听清楚比较级就很容易做题。答案选择 B。
17. What is the professor's attitude about the bright-young-Sun solution?
A. He is surprised that it is not more widely accepted.
B. He feels that it raises too many unanswerable questions.
C. He is confident that future research will determine whether it is true.
D. He expects that other possible solutions to the paradox will be proposed.
答案：C
解析：(4’31”)(1’18”原文中)We simply need more data to determine the mass loss rate of stars. So there’s reason to believe that we will get an answer to that piece of the puzzle one day.
教授坦率回答他不知道，但是还是对未来充满美好的憧憬。所以C选项正确。最后一句话很重要，一般表明教授的态度，会出考题。
Section 2
Conversation 2
18. Why does the man go to see the professor?
A. To discuss his impressions of a recent piano concert
B. To ask how to revise a paper he is writing
C. To get approval to write a paper about his grandmother's life
D. To find out why he received a poor grade on a paper he wrote
答案：B
解析：(07”)(1’18”原文中)So, I was wondering what I could do to improve my paper before the final draft is due.
学生上来就跟教授说他来干什么。他就是想看看能不能再提高一下他的 paper，选择B。
19. What did the man not understand about his professors written comments?
A. What she considers a weakness in his writing style
B. What she means by the terns "broader context"
C. Which period of music history she wants him to write about
D. Why- she prefers that he write about an unfamiliar subject
答案：B
解析：(1’05”)(1’18”原文中)Ok. I see what happened now. By broader context, I mean how the concert relates to some period in music history.
教授回答问题的时候很清楚地说，broader context 的意思，说明男生没明白这个词，选 B。
20. What does the man say about his grandmother's music career?
A. She studied both classical music and jazz in school.
B. She planned a career as a jazz musician.
C. She performed jazz music for most of her career.
D. She now performs both classical music and jazz.
答案：C
解析：(1’29”)(1’18”原文中)But for most of her career, she performed jazz.
But, for most 都是提示词，说的很清楚，选择 C。
21. Why does the professor ask the man to come early to the next class?
A. So that he can hand in a revised draft of his paper
B. So that he can tell her the date and time of his choir concert
C. So that they can continue their discussion of the man's paper
D. So that he can interview the professor about women's contributions to music
答案：C
解析：(2’54”)(1’18”原文中)You know what, I have a meeting now. Why don’t you come to class a few minutes early tomorrow?
男生还有问题要问，然后教授说我现在有课，你下节课早点来，就是为了继续讨论，所以 C选项正确。
22. What does the professor mean when she says this [Would an extra week ease the pain?]
A. She will give the man extra credit if he rewrites his paper.
B. She is willing to extend the deadline for the man’s paper.
C. The man will probably not be able to finish his paper within a week.
D. The man should have started his paper sooner
答案：B
解析：(2’23”)(1’18”原文中)Would an extra week ease the pain?
前面说男生需要重写大部分的 paper，教授这话直译过来就是多一个星期会好一点吗，就是要给他延期的意思，所以选择 B。
Lecture 3
23. What is the lecture mainly about'?
A. A proposal to identify all the animals that became extinct dining the Pleistocene epoch.
B. A strategy for reintroducing native plants to an ecosystem.
C. A process for identifying alternative habitats for large animals.
D. A proposal to re-create features of ecosystems of the Pleistocene epoch.
答案：D
解析：(35”)(1’18”原文中)Well, today we are witnessing a sixth mass extinction, but unlike the others, the current loss of bio-diversity can be traced to human activity.
这个主旨题不太好做，虽然给了很明显的提示词，但是说的比较模糊。前面提到有 5 个大型的物种灭绝，现在他们要说第六个，而且这是要追溯到人类活动的。根据后面说的那个计划plan Pleistocene rewilding，可，并结合教授的态度，可以确定答案是 D。
24. According to the professor, what are the two main goals of Pleistocene rewilding? Click on 2 answers
A. To restore some evolutionary processes that ended during the Pleistocene epoch
B. To help prevent the extinction of certain species of mega fauna
C. To increase populations of native animal species in the western United States
D. To create a living laboratory where animal interactions can be observed
答案：AB
解析：(2’03”)(1’18”原文中)Now, the advocates of Pleistocene rewilding cite two main goals. One is to help prevent the extinction of some endangered mega fauna by providing new refuges, new habitats for them. The other is to restore some of the evolutionary and ecological potential that has been lost in North America.
这段话明显的给出了答案该计划的两个目标，选AB。
听到P rewinding 大家就应该集中注意力了，now…one is， the other is 就是答案，这题提示词很明显，只要注意听就可以。选择 AB。
25. According to the professor, how did the American cheetah influence the pronghorn antelope during the Pleistocene epoch?
A. The cheetah prevented the antelope's population from growing too large.
B. The cheetah was a factor in the development of the antelope's speed.
C. The cheetah dispersed the seeds of plants that the antelope needed to survive.
D. The cheetah caused the antelope to migrate out of the western United States.
答案：B
解析：(2’40”)(1’18”原文中)We believe it played a pivotal role in the evolution of the pronghorn antelope, the antelope’s amazing speed, to be exact, because natural selection would favor those antelope that could outrun a cheetah.
教授说 let’s take the now extinct American cheetah, for instance.的时候就应该提起十二分的精神来听，
紧接着说American cheetah对pronghorn antelope PA的进化有关键性的作用，并补充是pronghorn antelopePA的 amazing speed。所以答案选择 B。
26. What point does the professor make when she discusses the maclura tree?
A. The feeding habits of large animals could help revive some diminishing plant species.
B. The climate has changed in North America since the Pleistocene epoch
C. Mass extinctions of animals are generally preceded by mass extinctions of plants.
D. The maclura tree has changed very little since the Ice Age.
答案： A
解析：(3’42”)(1’18”原文中)Many types of maclura used to grow in North American, but today, just one variety remains and it is found in only two states. In the distant past, large herbivores like mastodons dispersed maclura seeds, each the size of an orange in their droppings.
教授前面说 another example is…就应该注意，考题可能要出现了。然后说着说着出现了对比了。后面又教授说大型动物可以帮他们散播种子，等等，那都是说以前有很多很多的东西，现在快灭绝了的原因，所以答案选 A。
27. Why does the professor say that plants and small animals have continued to evolve since the Pleistocene?
A. To indicate why the western United States is well suited for Pleistocene rewilding
B. To suggest a way to balance an ecosystem using Pleistocene rewilding
C. To identify a potential problem with the Pleistocene rewilding concept
D. To explain how the idea for Pleistocene rewilding came about
答案：C
解析：(4’15”)(1’18”原文中)But as I alluded to earlier, Pleistocene rewilding is extremely controversial.
教授反问了两个问题之后，突然出现个 but，值得我们特别关注，基本上问为什么教授要这样做的题，都是为了中心服务，为了主旨服务。这道题，为什么要说植物和小动物在继续进化?就是为了说rewilding 是有争议的。需要定位在主题句之后，理解之后说的内容。选择 C。
28. What does the professor mean when she says this [Pleistocene rewilding is based on good intentions, but you know, it probably would just be more of the same thing.]
A. Pleistocene rewilding has been tried before without success
B. Pleistocene rewilding should be tried with just a few species
C. Pleistocene rewilding has already been thoroughly researched
D. Pleistocene rewilding is another form of human interference.
答案：D
解析：(5’19”)(1’18”原文中)Pleistocene rewilding is based on good intentions, but you know, it probably would just be more of the same thing. .
But you know 出来之后，就说明答案在这里。教授说这个计划虽然有一个好的出发点，但是他也许会与想象中的不是一个事情。选择 D。
Lecture 4
29. What does the professor mainly discuss?
A. The changing opportunities for musicians in the early twentieth century
B. The history of film music from the early twentieth century to the present
C. The types of music that accompanied silent films in the early twentieth century
D. The influence of new sound technology on the filth industry
答案：A
解析：没有特别明显的定位句，但是纵观全文，一直在说音乐家工作机会的变化，A 还是不难理解的。
30. Why does the professor point out that 20,000 jobs for musicians disappeared at the end of the silent-film era?
A. To explain that many movie theaters closed at the end of the silent-film era
B. To explain that live music had lost popularity
C. To illustrate the huge demand for musicians during the silent-film era
D. To emphasize the number of jobs created by the production of sound movies
答案：C
解析：(1’00”)(1’18”原文中)So suddenly there was this huge demand for musicians. In fact, over 20,000 jobs for musicians were gone, disappeared at the end of the silent-film era, 20,000.
其实教授前面还特别重点的说了一句 But the largest employer for musicians back then was the film industry, especially during the silent-film era. 所以这个 20,000 就是为了说明之前无声电影需要好多音乐家的，答案选择 C。
31. What is the professor's attitude about the view that music was used in movie theaters to cover up the noise of the film projector?
A. He is surprised that anyone would have that view.
B. He doubts that film projectors were very noisy.
C. He is convinced that it was true for most of the silent-film era.
D. He doubts that it can fully explain why music was played.
答案：D
解析：(1’30”)(1’18”原文中)Yeah. That’s good story, isn’t it? Too bad it keeps getting printed as if it were the only reason music was used.
这一块是由问答引出的出题点，有教授的反问，only 等等提示的地方。教授说如果仅仅为了掩盖噪声而是用音乐不是太不对劲了么?所以教授是怀疑这个观点的，选择 D。
32. What does the professor find unusual about the music accompanying early silent films?
A. It was very difficult to perform.
B. It did not relate to the action on the screen.
C. It was usually improvised by piano players.
D. It was selected by the filmmakers.
答案：B
解析：(2’00”)(1’18”原文中)What’s strange to me though, is that at first film music didn’t necessarily correspond to what was on the screen.
有明显的提示词，然后说没有很好地跟银幕上播放的一致。说明 B 是正确的。
33. What does the professor imply about the use of organs to accompany silent films?
A. The audience preferred organ music over other types of music.
B. Organs were too expensive for many theater owners.
C. It delayed the introduction of recorded music in theaters.
D. It led to a loss of employment for many musicians.
答案：D
解析：(3’18”)(1’18”原文中)Actually, even before that, organs could mimic a number of instruments and also do some sound effects. So they were starting to replace live orchestras in some movie theaters, and it only takes one person to play an organ.
教授说 organs 可以模仿多种声效，开始代替乐队出现在 theaters，并且需要更少的人，当然就导致了许多音乐家的失业了，选择 D。
34. According to the professor, why was it difficult for musicians to get a job at one of the film studios? Click on 2 answers.
A. Musicians who had played in movie theaters were not usually hired by the film studios.
B. There were more musicians looking for jobs than there were jobs available at the film studios.
C. Musicians had to be very talented to meet the demands of the film studios.
D. The film studios preferred musicians who had some acting experience
答案：BC
解析：(4’07”)(1’18”原文中)But the thing is, each major movie company pretty much had only one orchestra for all their productions, a set number of regular musicians.
公司需要的人少，又很固定，而却有又一大堆的很多人在找工作，所以 B 正确。
(4’34”So a musician was expected to play complicated pieces of music pretty much without any preparation. 因为公司需要的人少，所以就更希望你能掌握各种音乐，所以需要很高的才华，故 C正确。