Section 1
Conversation 1
1. What is the conversation mainly about?
A Criticisms of Dewey’s political philosophy
B Methods for leading a discussion group
C Recent changes made to a reference document
D Problems with the organization of a paper
答案：D
解析：(原文中)Professor:So let’s get started. Your paper on John Dewey’s political philosophy has a few issues I like to cover. You get great biographical sketches in the beginning. OK, but then you get to his political philosophy. I don’t think you have done enough to situate his philosophy within the time period. In other words, you haven’t connected his philosophy to the thinking of other intellectuals of the time.
教授说学生的paper并没有很好的将John ，也就是paper的organization有问题。
2.Why is the student late for his meeting?
A. Seeing the doctor longer than expected
B. No nearby parking spaces where available
C. His soccer practice lasted longer than usual
D. He had problems printing his paper
答案：A
解析：(原文中)Student: I’m so sorry I’m late Professor Mills. I have just been to students’ medical center. I pushed my ankle playing soccer this morning. It takes longer than I expected to see the doctor.
最后一句话中说道看医生的时间超过了自己预期的时间，故A选项正确。
3.What revision does the student need to make to his paper? (click on 3 answers)
A.Describe the influences on Dewey in more detail
B.Expand the introductory biographical sketch
C.Remove unnecessary content throughout the paper
D.Use consistent references throughout the paper
E. Add an explanation of Dewey’s view on individuality
答案：A，C，D
解析：(原文中)Student: So I haven’t catch the most critical influences, the influences that were most significant to his political thinking?
Professor: Exactly.
Professor: Yes, revised. Let me ask, when you finished writing, did you go back and ask yourself if all the material was relevant?
Student: Well. no.
Professor: I do think there are areas that can be cut. I guess what I am saying is your paragraphs are really presenting in logical order. The direction of your argument is not crystal-clear, and there is some unnecessary material getting in the way.
Professor: It looks like you get have mixed up with another reference system.
Student: Oh, yeah. I used something different in high school. It’s so confusing when switching to a new system.
I know. But remember, everything needs to be consistent when comes to referencing. It’s a very important academic convention.
，应该添加，对应A选项。
教授认为paper的reference不够consistent，来自于不同的systems，对应D选项
paper中有不必要的材料，应该被cut，对应C选项。
4.Why does the professor mention the political science club?
A.To encourage the student to run for club president
B.To point out that John Dewey was a member of a similar club
C.To suggest an activity that might interest the student
D.To indicate where the student can get help with his paper
答案：C
解析：(原文中) Professor: Oh, also, I want to ask you, will you be in the political science club meeting Saturday?
Student: Definitely, the topic is John Dewey.
Professor: Yes. Are you interested in meeting part of the discussion? Tom is looking someone to help out. I think you have a lot to contribute.
Student: That will be fun. I’ ll give them a call.
教授问对讨论会感兴趣吗，对应C选项。
5.Why does the professor say this?
A.To find out how many drafts the student wrote
B.To encourage the student to review his own work
C.To emphasize the need for the student to follow the guidelines
D.To propose a different solution to the problem
答案：B
解析：重听部分：Let me ask, when you finished writing, did you go back and ask yourself if all the material was relevant?
教授问学生在完成写作后有没有回去重新看看材料是否都有关联，即review his own work。对应文中的B选项。
Lecture 1
6.What is the lecture mainly about?
A.The importance of Locke’s views to modern philosophical thought
B.How Descartes’ view of knowledge influenced trends in Western philosophy
C.How two philosophers viewed foundational knowledge claims
D.The difference between foundationalism and methodological doubt
答案：C
解析：lecture一直在讲foundationalism，Locke和Descartes，对应的也就是two philosophers和foundation knowledge claims。故C选项正确。
7.Why does the professor mention a house?
A.To explain an idea about the organization of human knowledge
B.To Illustrate the unreliability of our perception of physical objects
C.To clarify the difference between two points of view about the basis of human knowledge
D.To remind students of a point he made about Descartes in a previous lecture
答案：A
解析：(原文中) Take knowledge as a house, you need a solid foundation on which you build your house. And if you have a strong foundation, your house is more likely to be solid. Well, foundationalists think the same thing is true of knowledge. If you have a solid base for your knowledge claims, then your knowledge structure is more likely to be strong. Well, true.
professor说foundationalists认为如果有solid base for knowledge，那么structure(对应选项中的organization of human knowledge)也会更strong，与修建房子同理，对应A选项。
8.What did Locke believe to be the most basic type of human knowledge?
A.Knowledge of one’s own existence
B.Knowledge acquired through the senses
C.Knowledge humans are born with
D.Knowledge passed down from previous generations
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Professor: Locke’ viewpoint essentially is when humans were born, their minds were like blank slakes. That is, we don’t have any kind of knowledge when we were born. We get our knowledge from our senses, you know, taste, touch, smile, sight hearing.
Locke认为这些基础知识来自于人对外界的感知，也就是senses。
9.According to the professor, what was Descartes’ purpose for using methodological doubt?
A.To discover what can be considered foundational knowledge claims.
B.To challenge the philosophical concept of foundationalism
C.To show that one’s existence cannot be proven
D.To demonstrate that Locke’s views were essentially correct
答案：A
解析：(原文中)Professor: Descartes thought you must go to much deeper to find foundations. He believed our senses are not to be trusted. So he wanted to find a more solid foundation for knowledge. He began with what comes to be called methodological doubt.
Descartes认为需要go much deeper(对应discover) to find foundations (对应foundational knowledge claims)，对应了选项A。
10.For Descartes, what was the significance of dreaming?
A.He believed that his best ideas came to him in dreams
B.He regarded dreaming as the strongest proof that human exists.
C.Dreaming supports his contention that reality has many aspects
D.Dreaming illustrates why human experience of reality cannot always be trusted
答案：D
解析：(原文中)Professor: So unlike John Locke, Descartes doubt that knowledge comes from senses. He points out that at some time or another everyone is deceived by its senses.
We could be dreaming. And there’s really no good way to prove we are not. So the common sense picture of reality that the world really is what it looks to us. Descartes shows it cannot just be as assumed as to be true beyond all doubt. He does it by talking about illusions. And also, by arguing that we could be dreaming.
lecture中教授笛卡尔认为人可能被experience或者sense deceived..也就是experience cannot be trusted，笛卡尔认为我们所感受到的reality也可能是我们在dreaming，不一定是真正的reality。
11.According to Descartes, what type of belief should serve as a foundation for all other knowledge claims?
A.A belief that is consistent with what one sees and hears
B.A belief that most other people share
C.A belief that one has held since childhood
D.A belief that cannot be false
答案：D
解析：(原文中)Professor: To even think I doubt that I exist, you have to exist. And so what Descartes has done is to find at least one thing that he can be certain of he says I exist. And that’s the start. And other knowledge, he tells us, can be based on that foundation.
笛卡尔认为作为知识基础的一定是他可以确信存在的，也就是a belief that cannot be false。
Lecture 2
12.What is the main purpose of the lecture?
A.To show that some birds have cognitive skills similar to those of primates
B.To explain how the brains of certain primates and birds evolved
C.To compare different tests that measure the cognitive abilities of animals
D.To describe a study of the relationship between brain size and cognitive abilities
答案：A
解析： (原文中)Professor:Today we’re going to talk about particular cognitive ability some animal seem to have.
Now it has been assumed that primates and some other mammals stood alone at the top of higher cognitive evolution. But recently, birds, have been found possess some of the same cognitive abilities.
在开头教授就讲要讨论某种动物的认知能力，在之后又明确提出要讨论鸟的认知能力，并且和primates 的认知能力相似。
13.When giving magpies the mirror mark test, why did researchers place the mark on the magpies’ throats?
A.Throat markings trigger aggressive behavior in other magpies
B.Throat markings are extremely rare in magpies.
C.Magpies cannot see their own throats without looking in a mirror.
D.Magpies cannot easily remove a mark form their throats.
答案：C
解析：(原文中) Professor: As I said, ,magpies are corvids, and because corvids have these other cognitive skills, researchers want to see if they were also capable of mirror-self recognition, so they give them a mirror mark test, placing a yellow sticker on the bird’s black throats. At first, the magpies only engage in the same social behaviors that other animals do, looking behind the mirror, but eventually some of the birds, while looking in the mirror, catch.
The reason why researchers place the mark on the magpies’ throats是因为没有镜子，他们看不见自己的throats。
14.According to the professor, some corvids are known to hide their food. What possible reason does she provide for this behavior?(click on 2 answers)
A.They are ensuring that they will have food to eat at a later point in time
B.They want to keep their food in a single location that they can easily defend
C.They have been conditioned to exhibit this type of behavior
D.They may be projecting their own behavior tendencies onto their corvids
答案：A，D
解析：(原文中) Professor: Well, corvids and some mammals have the ability to plan for the future, to store food, for instance, in places where they can find later. It’s been suggested that in fact the Jazz, corvids known for stealing each other’s food, may hide their food precisely because they are projecting their own tendencies to steal onto other jays.
corvids藏东西主要有两个原因，一是为未来作打算，藏在将来能发现的地方，二是project tendencies onto other jays。
15.What is the professor’s attitude toward the study on pigeons and mirror self-recognition?
A.She is surprised that studies have not been replicated
B.She believes the study’s findings are not very meaningful
C.She expects that further studies will show similar results
D.She thinks that it confirms what is known about magpies and jays
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Professor：But two things are noteworthy here. One, no one has replicated this study. But more importantly, it misses the point, the issue is not whether some abilities can be learned, it’s whether a species can develop this ability spontaneously.
教授认为这个study没有意义因为没有人可以重新实现实验结果，而且实验本身就是偏离问题主旨的。
16.What does the professor imply about animals that exhibit mirror self-recognition?
A.They acquired this ability through recent evolutionary changes
B.They are not necessarily more intelligent than other animals
C.Their brains all have an identical structure that governs this ability
D.They may be able to understand another animal’s perspective
答案：D
解析：(原文中) Professor：But more importantly, many researchers believe that mirror self-recognition is indicative of other advanced cognitive abilities. Self-awareness, even in its earlier stages, might entail an awareness of others, the ability to see their perspective, to look the world from another point of view.
mirror self-recognition 展现了其他的能力，比如self-awareness，也就是look the world from others’ perspective。
17. According to the professor, what conclusion can be drawn from what is now known about corvids’ brains?
A.They area in corvids’ brains that governs cognitive functions governs other function as well.
B.Corvids’ brains have evolved in the same way as other birds’ brains, only more rapidly.
C.Corvids’ and primates’ brains have evolved differently but have some similar cognitive abilities
D.They cognitive abilities of different types of corvids vary greatly.
答案：C
解析：(原文中) Professor：But there is an area in birds’ brains that researchers believe govern similar cognitive functions. So primates and birds’ brains have evolved along different tracks, but ended up with similar abilities.
灵长类和鸟类动物的大脑以不同的方式进化，但是却有一些相同的功能。
Section 2
Conversation 1
18.Why does the man go to see the professor?
A.To learn more about his student teaching assignment
B.To discuss the best time to complete his senior thesis
C.To discuss the possibility of changing the topic of his senior thesis
D.To find out whether the professor will be his advisor for his senior thesis
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Student: So the first thing is you normally write during the first half of the academic year, right? In your final year study?
Professor: Right.
Student: But I have my students teaching schedule for that time. I want to teach high school English after graduation. So I really need to give that my full attention and I just worry that I won’t be able to finish my senior thesis at the same time. I mean it’s supposed to be 35 to 50 pages. That’s a serious commitment.
学生说自己在final year的first half里有teaching schedule，所以不能完成senior thesis，于是便是与professor讨论何时完成最佳。
19.What is the man’s concern about the second half of the academic year?
A.He will not have time to do the necessary research for his senior thesis
B.He will not be allowed to write his senior thesis on his topic choice
C.His senior thesis adviser will not be on campus
D.His student teaching requirement will not be complete before the thesis is due.
答案：C
解析：(原文中)Student: So I was hoping to do my senior thesis on Chaucer on the Canterbury Tales. Because that will be obviously useful if I do gone. But..
Professor: But Professor. Johnson...
Student: Exactly. Professor Johnson is going to be taking a sabbatical to do research in France during the second half of the year. So without him around, I’m not sure how I can do my senior thesis on Canterbury Tales.
Professor Johnson下半年要去法国做研究，也就无法指导学生的senior thesis了。
20.What does the man imply Professor Johnson?
A.His sabbatical may last longer than expected
B.His research is highly respected throughout the world.
C.He is the English Department’s specialist on Chaucer
D.He is probably familiar with the literature of the Renaissance
答案：C
解析：Student: So I was hoping to do my senior thesis on Chaucer on the Canterbury Tales. Because that will be obviously useful if I do gone. But..
Professor: But Professor. Johnson...
Student: Exactly. Professor Johnson is going to be taking a sabbatical to do research in France during the second half of the year. So without him around, I’m not sure how I can do my senior thesis on Canterbury Tales.
Professor Johnson 是学生关于Chaucer论文的导师，自然也是specialist on Chaucer。
21.Why does the man want to write his senior thesis on the Canterbury Tales? (Click on 2 answers)
A He studies it during his favorite course in high school
B He has already received approval for the paper from his professor
C He thinks that the knowledge might help him in graduate school
D He has great admiration for Chaucer
答案：C, D
解析：(原文中)Student: So I was hoping to do my senior thesis on Chaucer on the Canterbury Tales. Because that will be obviously useful if I do go on.
Student: Well, you can try. Chaucer is the sort of my hero.
学生认为Chaucer方面的研究以后会非常有作用，而且Chaucer是他的hero，也就是he admires Chaucer。
22.Why does the professor say this:
A. She is uncertain whether the man will be able to finish his paper before the end of the summer
B. She thinks the man will need to do a lot of preparation to write on a new topic
C. She wants to encourage the man to choose a new advisor for his paper
D. She wants the man to select a new topic for his paper during the summer.
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Professor: Well, if you do decide to build this route, I will make that decision soon. And I will use this summer productively.
教授说如果学生决定要选择这个新的topic，那么教授作为他的导师他在这个夏天会富有生产力的工作，那么学生自然也需要做出很多准备很努力。
Lecture 1
23.What is the lecture mainly about?
A.The difference in how humans and plants sense light
B.An explanation of an experiment on color and wavelength
C.How plants sense and respond to different wavelengths of light
D.The process by which photoreceptors distinguish wavelengths of light
答案：C
解析： (原文中)Professor: Today I want to talk about another way light affects plants. I’m sure you all know in physics class how light moves in microscopic ways, and we can only see light when the wavelength of that light is in specific range. Plus, depending on the wavelength, we can see different colors. Well, plants are also capable of distinguishing between different wavelengths of light.
教授今天讲的是光是如何影响植物的，植物也具有区分不同波长光的能力，也就是植物是如何sense and respond光的刺激的。
24.According to the professor, what is one way that a plant reacts to changes in the number of hours of sunlight?
A.The plant absorbs different wavelengths of light.
B.The plant begins to flower or stops flowering
C.The number of photoreceptors in the plant increase
D.The plant’s rate of photosynthesis increase
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Professor: Many plants are seasonal. And one way they know when winter is ending and spring is beginning is by sensing the change of light. The time when we don’t plant flower is based on the amount of light the plant senses. Certain plant species don’t flower if they sense too much light and some plants only flower when they senses specific amount of light.
有些植物不开花因为他们感知到太多光，有些植物只有在感受到特定量的光时才开花，也就是说开花与否是植物应对光照的一种方式。
25.Why does the professor think that it is inappropriate for certain wavelengths of light to be named “far-red”?
A.Far-red wavelengths appear identical to read wavelengths to the human eye.
B.Far-red wavelengths have the same effects on plants as red wavelengths do.
C.Far-red wavelengths travel shorter distances than red wavelengths do
D.Far-red wavelengths are not perceived as red by the human eye
答案：D
解析：(原文中)Professor: Plants are also able to distinguish between specific wavelengths of light that human eye cannot even see. Specifically, there’s wavelength called far-red. Although why they called far-red? I mean it’s not really red at all, it lies in the in inner red range of the spectrum. We can’t see it, but plants can sense it as a different wavelength.
人眼是看不到far-red的，所以教授认为叫它far-red其实是有问题的。
26.What point does the professor make when she discusses the red light and far-red light that reaches plants?
A.All of the far-red light that reaches plants is used for photosynthesis
B.Plants flower more rapidly in response to far-red light than to red light.
C.Plants absorb more of the red light that reaches them than of the far-red light.
D.Red light is absorbed more slowly by plants than far-red light is.
答案：C
解析：(原文中)Professor: Plants absorb most of the red light that hits them, but plants only absorb some of the far-red light that hits them, they reflect the rest.
植物把射入的红光几乎全部吸收，但只吸收部分红外光，并反射了其他部分，所以吸收的红光要多于红外光。
27.According to the professor, how does a plant typically react when it senses a high ratio of far-red light to red light?
A.It slows down its growth
B.It begins photosynthesis
C.It produces more photoreceptors
D.It starts to release its seeds
答案：A
解析：(原文中)Professor: A ratio of less red light to more far-red light, would cause a reaction from the plant. It would stop growing taller.
红光比例少于红外光，红外光比红光比例高时，植物会停止长高，也就是这样的比例会使其生长减缓。故正确选项为A。
28.In the Pampas experiment, what was the function of the LEDs?
A.To stimulate photosynthesis
B.To stimulate red light
C.To add to the intensity of the sunlight
D.To provide additional far-red light
答案：B
解析：(原文中) To testify this hypothesis, researchers took some electrical lights, actually, they would light emitting diodes, or LEDs. These light emitting diodes could stimulate red light.
这段话最后说道LEDs会刺激更多的红光，故正确答案为B。
Lecture 2
29.What does the professor mainly discuss?
A.Evidence of an ancient civilization in central Asia
B.Archaeological techniques used to uncover ancient settlements
C.The controversy concerning an archaeological find in central Asia
D.Methods used to preserve archaeological sites in arid areas.
答案：A
解析：教授一上来说，考古学家dream 找到 ancient civilization，很多人觉得这是不可能发生的事情，但是确实发现了，接下来就说的发现的这个古文明并且证据如何证明这个是古文明的。
30.What point does the professor make about mound sites?
A.They are easier to excavate than other types of archaeological sites
B.They often provide information about several generations of people
C.They often contain evidence of trade
D.Most have been found in what are now desert areas.
答案：B
解析：(原文中)Careful excavation and documentation of layers in a mound can reveal a wealth of information about the everyday life of a people in a settlement over many periods of occupation. 这句话的意思是说mound sites能够展示出几个时代的人们的生活，故正确答案为B。
31.What does the professor compare Gonur-depe to ancient Egypt?
A.To point out that Gonur-depe existed earlier than other ancient civilizations
B.To emphasize that the findings at Gonur-depe are evidence of an advanced civilization
C.To demonstrate that the findings at these locations have little in common
D.To suggest that discovery of Gonur-depe will lead to more research in Egypt
答案：B
解析：教授说道Gonur-depe的时候说了一句amazing，说明教授对此文化为非常正面的态度。后边说道找到了珠宝等痕迹，说明教授从一开始就要验证的事情就是Gonur-depe是civilization。 A项中Gonur-depe有埃及和China的东西肯定是later不是earlier了。C项中 little in common 就不对，有负面的的感觉。D项中的more research没有提到，并且本文强调的是证据，故正确选项为B。
32.What does the professor imply about the people of Gonur-depe?
A.They avoided contact with people from other areas
B.They inhabited Gonur-depe before resettling in Egypt
C.They were skilled in jewelry making
D.They modeled their city after cities in China.
答案：C
解析：重点词在artifact上，后来教授又说道其他的珠宝经过identification也是属于Gonur-depe的，所以他们对于珠宝制作很skilled。
33.Settlements existed at the Gonur-depe site for only a few hundred years. What does the professor say might explain this fact? (Click on 2 answers)
A.Wars with neighboring settlements
B.Destruction caused by an earthquake
C.Changes in the course of the Murgab River
D.Frequent flooding of the Murgab River
答案：AC
解析：这个其实也是很好听的一个点，下边说到一个record关于他们，有两个theory关于他们转移，第一个是因为河道改变，所以他们也跟随其迁移，第二个是neighboring settlement，没有听到war但是还是根据很明显的neighbor就可以选出来，flooding和earthquake没有提及。
34.What is the professor’s opinion about the future of the Gonur-depe site?
A.She believes it would be a mistake to alter its original form
B.She doubts the ruins will deteriorate further
C.She thinks other sites are more deserving of researchers’ attention.
D.She is not convinced it will be restored.
答案：D
解析：教授最后一个词说的是otherwise，教授总的意思就是给他钱不一定会有什么有用的地方，但是不给我们又不能确定我们会失去什么东西，所以看出教授的态度是不确定的。