1. 定语从句-用来对于前面的词进行限定和修饰，有时用于下定义。
Eg. we tend to think of crocodiles as, uh, kind of solitary, hiding out in a swamp, uh, kind of mysterious creatures. But we are finding out that they aren't as isolated as they seem. In fact, crocodiles interact with each other in a variety of ways. One way is with vocalizations, you know, sounds generated by the animal. This is true of the whole crocodile family, which includes crocodiles themselves, alligators, etc.(定语从句)
2. 原因状语从句- 跟十三大原则中的因果原则相关，需要记笔记
Eg. Thomas Young focused his attention on one set of hieroglyphs that he thought would probably spell out a single word: the name of a King or Queen. He guessed that the symbols represented the name of the early Egyptian ruler Ptolemy, since Ptolemy was also written in Greek on the stone and was indeed a Greek name. (原因状语从句)And Young did actually prove that these hieroglyphs represented sounds rather than whole words.
3. 结果状语从句-跟十三大原则中的因果原则相关，需要记笔记
E.g. Zinc assists in a number of processes in humans, but we are going to focus on just one, one that applies to a number of organisms, not just humans.See, zinc plays a major role in carbon cycling, the conversion of various kinds of molecules with carbon, Iike carbon dioxide, into other kinds of molecules with carbon that organisms can use.So, take respiration.Our bodies, our cells produce carbon dioxide when they break down sugars.We need to get the CO2 out of our bodies, so the CO2 is converted into carbonic acid, which the blood is able to carry to the lungs.Once the carbonic acid reaches the lungs, it’s converted back into carbon dioxide so that we can breathe it out.(结果状语从句)
4. 让步状语从句-跟十三大原则中的转折原则相关，需要记笔记
E.g. The assumption is that even if this DNA doesn’t make up any of the genes, it must serve some other purpose. (让步状语从句)Anyway, if we examine these ends of these coils of DNA, we will find a sequence of DNA at each end of every human Chromosome, called a telomere.
5. 同位语-用来解释说明前面的词，有时候用于下定义
E.g. For today, let's look at a reptile, a predator that hasn't evolved much in the last seventy million years.(同位语) No discussion of reptiles would be complete without some mention of crocodiles.
6. 强调句- 跟强调原则相关，也为重点内容
E.g. And some of them are powerful enough to make the water vibrate. This sends a strong, go-away message to the other males. So the alligator can focus on sending other sound waves through the water, sound waves that you and I couldn't even hear since they are at such low frequency. But they do reach the female alligator,(强调句) who then goes to find and mate with the male.
7. what引导的特殊疑问句做主语从句-如果为建议，则跟建议原则相关，需要记笔记。
Librarian
But before you go, what you should do is fill out a form requesting the book back in two weeks. (what引导的特殊疑问句做主语从句)Then the person who requested it won’t be able to renew it. You’ll get it back quickly.
8. 虚拟语气-帮你判断老师所说的话是否与现实相符
So, they thought that if the Earth itself was moving, there would have to be a constant wind blowing, sweeping them off their feet, and of course there wasn’t.(虚拟语气)And second, the idea of an Earth that moved didn’t fit in with the ancient Greeks’ understanding of gravity.
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