Part III. Note Taking in Listening Section
1. Necessary illumination
Ø Length of the lecture
Ø Incapability of pre-reading the questions
Ø Structure-oriented
Ø Principle-oriented
2. Marks
Ø >: surpass, exceed
Ø <:less than
Ø =: equal to, the same as
Ø ≠: difference
Ø ↑: increase, promote, enhance, improve
Ø ↓: decrease, fall, worsen
Ø +: plus, add, besides, moreover
Ø -: minus, deduct, except
Ø →: result in, lead to
Ø ←: originate from, date back to
Ø √: correct, good, positive, affirmative
Ø ×: wrong, bad, mistaken, negative
Ø ☆: outstanding, elite
Ø ∵: because, owing to, thanks to, since, as
Ø ∴: therefore, consequently, as a result, so, hence
Ø ∑: total, amount
Ø γ: government
3. Abbreviation
Ø ableàBL: PRBL， RSBL， DBL
Ø ingàG: SHPG
Ø tionàN: OPTN， NAN
Ø mentàT: AGRMT
Ø izeàZ: RCGNZ， OGNZ
Ø tiveàTV: EFCTV，
Ø fulàFL: SCFL
Ø lessàLS: RGDLS
Ø ent/antàT: URGT
Ø al/ialàL: ARVL
4. Practice
Sample Script: American universities have been offering classes online through computers for a number of years. Now, some newly created colleges are offering academic degrees online. One university offers both bachelor’s degrees and master’s degrees. Official say they try to provide students with a social experience as well as an educational one. For example, in some programs, groups of the same six students progress through all their classes together. They communicate by computer. Another online school uses a problem-solving method of teaching. Students attempt to solve real problems in their classes online instead of reading information.
Students who have taken online classes say they like them because they do not have to travel to building at a set time to listen to a professor. Professors say they have better communication with students through e-mail notes than they do in many traditional classes.
Part IV. Principles of Listening
1. Principle I: Beginning and Ending
Ø 3T & 2M Principle
2. Principle II: Present
Ø Now, at present, today, nowadays
3. Principle III: Uncommon question
4. Principle IV: Example
Ø Key Words: for example, take...for instance, take...as an example, for instance, say
Ø Relations between examples
Ø Details are not important
5. Principle V: Emphasis
Ø Remember, especially, keep in mind, most, and again, I almost forgot, make sure, be sure, one thing I must mention, what you should do is, first, finally
6. Principle VI: Explanation
Ø ......which means......, that is to say....., what does it mean? Known as, for short
7. Principle VII: Comparison
Ø Compare to, similar, similarly, differently, more than, as....as, alike, unlike, superior to, inferior to
8. Principle VIII: Repetition
9. Principle IX: Causality
Ø Apparent causality: because, because of, for, as, since, in that, be due to, given, considering, as long as, if, when, while, so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, consequently, accordingly, thus, hence, so…that…, so…as to…, then…
Ø Connotative causality: lead to, cause, reflect, result in, give rise to, derive from, result from, portray, present, bespeak, require, suggest, on the basis of, represent, be based on, for the reason that…, rely on, spring from, make, underlying…
10. Principle X: Contrast and Transition
Ø Apparent contrast: although, though, even though, albeit, despite, in spite of, however, but, yet, while, whereas, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, whatever
Ø Connotative contrast: not…but…, instead, in contrast, on the contrary, far from…, on the other hand, rather than, more…than…, otherwise, unlike, not so much…as...
Ø Special words: paradoxical, paradoxically, ironical, ironically, unexpected, unexpectedly, curious, curiously, surprise, surprisingly, unfortunate, unfortunately, puzzle, shock
11. Principle XI: Capitalization
Ø Name, address, proper noun, abbreviation
12. Principle XII: Opinion
Ø I think, I assume, to my knowledge, as far as I am concerned, according to my understanding
13. Principle XIII: Suggestion
Ø Why don’t you do something, Why not, maybe, perhaps, probably you should, I suppose you could, If I were you, I would do something, tell you what, you know what, guess what, if only