托福听力TPO11原文文本资料【含音频】

2022-05-31 04:56:58

  

  Conversation 1

  Narrator

  Listen to a conversation between a student and a university employee.

  Student

  Hi, I need to pick up the gym pass.

  Employee

  OK. I’ll need your name, year, and university ID.

  Student

  Here’s my ID card. And my name is Gina Kent, and I’m first year.

  Employee

  OK. Gina. I’ll type up the pass for you right away.

  Student

  Great! This is exciting. I can’t wait to get started.

  Employee

  Oh, this is a wonderful gym.

  Student

  That’s what everybody has been saying. Everyone is talking about the new

  pool, the new indoor course. But what I love is all the classes.

  Employee

  The classes…?

  Student

  Yes, like the swimming and tennis classes and everything.

  Employee

  Oh yeah, but this pass doesn’t entitle you to those.

  Student

  It doesn’t?

  Employee

  No, the classes fall into separate category.

  Student

  But, that’s my whole reason for getting a pass. I mean, I was planning to take a

  swimming class.

  Employee

  But that’s not how it works. This pass gives you access to the gym and to all

  the equipments, into the pool and so forth. But not with team practicing, so you

  have to check the schedule.

  Student

  But what do I have to do if I want to take a class?

  Employee

  You have to: one, register; and two, pay the fee for the class.

  Student

  But that’s not fair.

  Employee

  Well, I think if you can think about it. You’ll see that it’s fair.

  Student

  But people who play sports in the gym… they don’t have to pay anything.

  Employee

  Yes, but they just come in, and play or swim on their own. But, taking a

  class---that is a different story, I mean, someone has to pay the instructor.

  Student

  So, if I want to enroll in a class.

  Employee

  Then you have to pay extra. The fee isn't very high, but there’s a fee. So, what

  class did you say you want to take?

  Student

  Swimming…

  Employee

  OK. Swimming classes are thirty dollars a semester.

  Student

  I guess I could swing that. But I’m still not convinced it’s fair. So, do I pay you?

  Employee

  Well, first, you need to talk to the instructor. They have to assess your level

  and steer you into the right class, you know, beginner, intermediate…

  Student

  You mean, I have to swim for them? Show them what I can do?

  Employee

  No, no, you just tell them a little bit about your experiences and skills, so they

  know what level you should be in.

  Student

  Oh, OK. So, I guess I’ll need an appointment.

  Employee

  And I can make that for you right now. And I’ll tell up you about your gym ID

  card. You’ll need it to get into the building. Now about that appointment… how

  does Wednesday at three sounds?

  Student

  Fine…

  Employee

  OK. Then you’ll be meeting with Mark Guess. He’s a swimming instructor. He

  also coaches the swim team. And here, I’ve jotted it all down for you.

  Student

  Great! Thanks.

  TPO11 Lecture 1 Biology

  Narrator

  Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology Class. The class has been learning

  about birds.

  Professor

  Ok, today we are going to continue our discussion of the parenting behaviors

  of birds. And we are going to start by talking about what are known as

  distraction displays. Now if you were a bird and there was a predator around.

  What are you going to do? Well, for one thing you are going to try to attract as

  little attention as possible, right? Because if the predator doesn’t know you are

  there, it is not going to try to eat you. But sometimes certain species of birds do

  the exact opposite when the predator approaches they do their best to try to

  attract the attention of that predator. Now why would they do that? Well, they

  do that to draw the predator away from their nests, away from their eggs or

  their young birds. And the behaviors that the birds engaging in to distract

  predators are called distraction displays. And there are a number of different

  kinds of distraction displays. Most of the time, when birds are engaging in

  distraction displace they are going to be pretending either that they have injury

  or that they’re ill or that they’re exhausted. You know something that’ll make

  the predator thinks Hum… here is an easy meal. One pretty common

  distraction display was called the broken wing display. And in a broken wing

  display the bird spreads and drags the wings or its tail, and while it does that, it

  slowly moves away from the nests so it really looks like a bird with a broken

  wing. And these broken wing displays can be pretty convincing.

  Another version of this kind of distraction display is where the birds create

  same impression of a mouse or some other small animals that running along

  the ground. A good example of that kind of display is created by a bird called

  the purple sandpiper. Now what’s the purple sandpiper does is when a

  predator approaches, it drags its wings but not to give it the impression that its

  wings are broken but to create the illusion that it has a second pair of legs. And

  then it raises its feathers, so it looks like it got a coat of fur. And then it runs

  along the ground swirling left and right you know like running around a little

  rocks and sticks. And as it goes along it makes a little squeezing noises. So

  from a distance it really looks and sounds like a little animal running along the

  ground trying to get away. Again to the predator, it looks like an easy meal.

  Now what’s interesting is the birds have different levels of performance of

  these distraction displays. They don’t give their top performance, their prime

  time performance every time. What they do is they save their best

  performances they’re most conspicuous and most risky displays for the time

  just before the baby birds become able to take care of themselves. And the

  time that way because that when that make the greatest investment in

  parenting their young. So they are not going to put their best performance just

  after they laid their eggs because they have to invest that much more time and

  energy in parenting yet. The top performance is going to come later. Now you

  have some birds that are quiet mature, are quite capable almost as soon as

  they hatch. In that case, the parent will put on the most conspicuous

  distractions displays just before the babies’ hatch because once the babies are

  hatch they can pretty much take care themselves, and then you have others

  birds that helpless when have hatch. In that case, the parents will save the

  best performance until just before the babies get their feathers.

  TPO11 Lecture 2 Architecture

  Narrator

  Listen to part of a lecture in an Architecture Class.

  Professor

  Today, we are taking a little detour from the grand styles of public architecture

  we’ve been studying to look at residential architectures in the United States.

  Since this is something we can all identify with, I think it will help us see the

  relationship between the function of a structure and its style or form. This has

  been an ongoing theme in our discussion, and we will be getting back to it just

  a moment. But before we get started, I want you to take a moment to think:

  does anyone know what the single most popular style for a house in the United

  States is today? Bob?

  Student 1

  “I bet it is the ranch-style house.”

  Professor

  “Well, in this area, probably. But aren’t we typical? Yes, Sue.”

  Student 2

  “How about the kind of house my grandparents live in? They call it a Cape

  Cod.

  Professor

  That’s the one. Here is a drawing of what we consider of a classic Cape Cod

  house. These days, you see this style all over the United States. But it first

  showed up in U.S. northeast, in the New England region, around the late

  1600s. For those of you who don't know the northeast costal region, Cape Cod

  is a peninsula, a narrow strip of land that jets out into the Atlantic, and so many

  houses in this particular style were built on Cape Cod, that the name of the

  place became the name of the style. Now why did the Cape Cod style house

  become so popular in the northeast? Well, one reason is that it's a great

  example of form following function. We’ve talked about this design principle a

  lot about form following function. And what did we say it’s meant? Someone

  give me an application of this principle. What did this concept that form should

  follow function? How would it be applied to housing design?

  Student 2

  Well, if it means the design of the building, it should be based on the needs of

  people who use it. Then, well, the architect has to be very practical to think

  about the people who actually be living in the house or working in the office

  building, whatever, so for the architect, it’s all about users not about showing

  off how creative you can be.

  Professor

  Good, of course, for a Cape Cod house, it might be even more accurate to say

  that form also follows climate. Who knows what the climate like on Cape Cod?

  Student 1

  Cold in the winter…

  Student 2

  And whenever I visit my grandparents, it’s really wet. It’s usually either raining

  or snowing or foggy and windy, too. I guess because it’s so exposed to the

  ocean?

  Professor

  That’s right. So take another look at this drawing, and you can image how this

  design might be particularly helpful in that kind of climate. Notice how the

  house is fairly low to the ground. This relatively low compact structure helps

  the house withstand the strong winds blowing off the ocean. And look at the

  slope of the roof, the steep angle helps keep off all that rain and snow that

  accumulates in the winter. Another thing, Cape Cod houses usually face south

  to take advantage of the sun’s warm through the windows. That’s helpful in

  winter. Now what can you tell me about the chimney, about its location.

  Student 2

  Well, it’s in the middle. Because, does that have something to do with heating

  the houses? I mean since the heat never has to travel very far.

  Student 1

  That means you can heat the house more efficiently, right?

  Professor

  Exactly, now see how the house has very little exterior decoration, that’s also

  typical of early Cape Cod houses. The wind was one reason, nothing sticking

  out might blow away in the harsh weather, but there was probably another

  reason, not related to the climate, more reflection of a rural New England

  society back then, you see Cape Cod houses were not built in the big cities,

  where all the rich people lived back then. These were the modest dwellings the

  people who built them simply couldn’t afford lots of expensive decorated

  details. But that was more than just matter of money. In these rural areas,

  people depended on each other for survival. Neighbors had to help and

  supported each other in the difficult environment, so you didn't want to appear

  to be showing off. You wanted to avoid anything that might set you apart from

  your neighbors, the same people you might need to help you someday. So all

  these help to create an attitude of conformity in the community, and you can

  see why a modest, a very plain style would become so widely imitated through

  out rural New England.

  Student 2

  It is plain, but you know its nice looking.

  Professor

  Good point, and in fact it’s precisely that as aesthetic appeal, the…the purity,

  the nearly perfect proportion of the houses…that’s another reason for the cape

  cod enduring popularity even in the places where the climate was so mild, it’s

  functional design doesn't matter.

  TPO 11 Conversation2

  Narrator

  Listen to a conversation between a student and a Professor.

  Student

  Hi professor, I guess you want to see me.

  Professor

  Hi Bill thanks for coming. I want to talk to you about …..

  Student

  Is there something wrong with my research paper?

  Professor

  No, not at all, in fact it's very good. That’s why I want to talk to you.

  Student

  Oh, thanks

  Professor

  I think you know that the department is looking to hire a new professor, are you

  familiar with our hiring process.

  Student

  No, but what is that got to do with me.

  Professor

  Well, Bill, we have several qualified applicants for serious about and this part

  of this interview process we have to meet with the committee of the professors

  and students in our department. They also have to give a talk.

  Student

  You mean like a lecture?

  Professor

  Yes, like a sample lecture on one of their academic interests

  Student

  Oh, see you can see their teaching style

  Professor

  Exactly

  Student

  Hah…Make sense

  Professor

  So I’d like to know if you be willing to join us as the student’s representatives

  on the interview committee. It’ll be a good experience for you. You could put it

  on your resume.

  Student

  Oh… better looks good for my graduate application, I guess, so, what do I

  have to do

  Professor

  The department's secretary will give you a schedule of the applicant’s thesis if

  you are free, we’d like you to attend our talks and then later you can give us

  your opinion. Oh and we usually serve lunch and snacks depending on what

  time the talk is.

  Student

  Cool, that’s another good reason to do this. Um… when is the next talk?

  Professor

  We actually haven't any yet, the first one is next Friday. It’s 10 AM, then lunch,

  then the formal discussion with the applicant right after.

  Student

  Oh well, I’m free on Fridays if all the talks are on Fridays, I will be able to make

  all of them.

  Professor

  That’s great, now you should know this job candidate is interested in the life

  cycle in the forest.

  Student

  That’s what my research about.

  Professor

  Yes, I know that’s why I feel necessary to point out that even though these

  applicants’ research interests were similar to yours; we want you to tell us what

  you think about the teaching of all these applicants. Your perspective is as a

  student, how the applicant teaches in the classroom that was important to us.

  Student

  I understand so how many applicants are there?

  Professor

  Let’s see, we have 4, all very good candidates, that we will be looking at over

  the next few weeks. It's going to be a tough decision. But it'll be a good

  experience for you, especially if you’re going to graduate school.

  Student

  Thank you. It’ll be cool to do this. I’ll get the copy of the schedule from the

  secretary on my way out.

  Professor

  You’re welcome, seeing you in class this afternoon

  TPO11 Lecture 3 Environmental science

  Narrator

  Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class.

  Professor

  When land gets develop for human use, the landscape changes. We don’t see

  as many types of vegetation, trees, grasses and so forth. This in turn leads to

  other losses: the loss of animal that once lived there. Err…but these are the

  obvious changes, but there are also less obvious changes like the climate.

  One interesting case of this…of…of changes in the local land use causing

  changes in climate, specifically the temperature is in Florida. Now what comes

  to mind when you think of the state of Florida?

  Student A

  Sunshine, beaches.

  Student B

  Warm weather, oranges…

  Professor

  Yes, exactly. Florida has long had a great citric industry; large growth of

  oranges, lemons and the like. Florida’s winter is very mild; the temperature

  doesn’t often get below freezing. But there are some areas in Florida that do

  freeze. So in the early 1900s, farmers moved even further south in Florida, to

  areas that were even less likely to freeze. Obviously, freezing temperatures

  are danger to the crops. A bad barrier of cold weather, a long spell of frosts

  could ruin a farm and the entire crop, anyway, before these citric growers

  moved south, much of the land in south Florida, was what we called wetlands.

  Wetlands are areas of marshy, swampy land, areas where water covers the

  soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil for large part of the

  year. Wetlands have their own unique ecosystem, with plants and animals with

  special an interesting adaptation. Very exciting, but it’s not what we are talking

  about today. Emm…where was I?

  Student A

  Farmers moved south?

  Professor

  Oh, yes. Farmers moved south. But the land was not suitable for farming. You

  can’t grow orange in wetland, so farmers had to transform the wetlands into

  lands suitable for farming. To do that, you have to drain the water from the land,

  move the water elsewhere, and divert to the water sources such as rivers.

  Hundreds of miles of drainage canals were built in the wetlands. Now these

  areas, the new areas the farmers moved to, used to be warm and unlikely to

  freeze, however, recently the area has become susceptible to freezes. And we

  are trying to understand why.

  Student B

  Is it some global temperature change or weather pattern like El Ni?o or

  something?

  Professor

  Well, there are two theories. One idea is as you suggested that major weather

  patterns, something like El Ni?o, are responsible. But the other idea and this is

  the one that I personally subscribe to, is of the changes in the temperature

  pattern had been brought about by the loss of wetlands.

  Student A

  Well, how would the loss of wetlands make a difference?

  Professor

  Well, think about what we’ve been studying so far. We discussed the impact of

  landscapes on temperature, right? What affects does the body of water have

  on an area?

  Student A

  Oh, yeah. Bodies of water tend to absorb the heat during the day, and then

  they release the heat at night.

  Professor

  Yes, exactly. What you just said is what I want you all to understand. Bodies of

  water release heat and moisture back into the environment. So places near

  large bodies of water are generally milder, err...slightly warmer than those

  without water. And what I, another think is that the loss of the wetlands has

  created the situation where the local temperatures in the area are not slightly

  different, slightly colder than they were 100 years ago, before the wetland were

  drained.

  Student B

  Emm…do we know what the temperature was like back then?

  Professor

  Well, we were able to estimate this. We have data about South Florida’s

  current landscape, emm…the plant cover. And we were able to reconstruct

  data about the landscape prior to 1900. Then we enter those data, information

  about what the landscape look like before and after the wetlands were drained.

  We enter the data into a computer weather model. This model can predict

  temperatures. And when all the data were entered, an overall cooling trend

  was predicted by the model.

  Student B

  How much colder does it get now?

  Professor

  Well, actually the model shows a drop of only a few degrees Celsius. But this is

  enough to cause dramatic damage to crops. If temperatures over night are

  already very close to the freezing point, then this drop of just a few degrees

  can take the temperature below freezing. And freezing causes frosts, which kill

  crops. These damaging frosts wouldn’t happen if the wetlands were still in

  existence, just as the tiny temperature difference can have major

  consequences.

  TPO11 Lecture 4 Business

  Narrator

  Listen to part of a lecture in a Business Class.

  Professor

  Let's get started. Um, last time we were talking about the need for advertising.

  Now, let's look at how you can successfully call attention to the service or

  product you want to sell. To succeed, you’ve got to develop a systematic

  approach. If you don't come up with a system, um, a plan, you risk **

  decisions that waste money, or even drive away potential customers. But what

  does a systematic advertising plan look like? Well, it covers what we call -- the

  ‘Four Ms’. The ‘Four Ms’: Market, Media, Money, Message. All are important

  areas to focus on when creating your advertising plan. We will look at them

  one by one.

  The First step is to look at your Market, that’s the people who might become

  customers, buyers of your service or product. You need to know all about your

  possible customers: Who are they? What age group are they? What do they

  like, or dislike? How do they shop? So, you got that? A market is a group of

  potential customers.

  Next, Media… Obviously the major media are television, radio, newspapers,

  magazines, um, billboards, and so forth. There are all avenues of

  communication. And you need to figure out: Which media you should advertise

  through? Which media will reach your intended audience -- your market? So,

  you do research, trying to determine which media will reach the most potential

  customers for the lowest cost. For instance, if you have a product, that we'll

  say teachers would like, then teachers are your market. So you ask yourself:

  What magazines do the majority of teachers read? What TV programs do

  teachers watch? Do teachers listen to much radio? At what times of the day?

  Say, now your research turns up two magazines that teachers read. And it also

  shows that the majority of teachers - say ages twenty to thirty - read the

  magazine about classroom activities. While most teachers older than that read

  the other magazine, the one about, oh, let’s say—‘Educational Psychology’.

  You think your product will appeal most to teachers aged twenty to thirty, so

  you decide to put your advertisement in their favor magazine, the one about

  classroom activities. You don't waste money advertising in the ‘Educational

  Psychology’ magazine, you know the one that the younger teachers generally

  don't read. And since you’re reaching the majority of the teachers in your target

  age group, you’re probably spending your money well, which bring us to the

  third M -- Money.

  You have an advertising budget to spend, but how do you to spend it wisely.

  Again, research is the key. Good research gives you facts, facts that can help

  you decide, well, as we already mentioned, decide the right market to target,

  and the best media to use. But also: When to advertise? or…or how to get the

  best rates? Like, may be you’re advertising Sport equipment, and you have

  been spending most of your budget during the holiday season when people

  buy gifts for each other. Now, in theory, that would seem a great time to

  advertise, but may be a research shows you’re wrong, that the customers who

  buy sports equipment tend not to give it as a holiday gift, but want to use it

  themselves. In that case, advertising during a different season of the year

  might give you better results. And, um, may be it even lower, non-holiday rates,

  so you actually save money. But you need to get the facts; facts that come

  from good research to be certain and know for sure that you’re getting your

  money’s worth.

  OK, finally, there is your message: What you want to say about your product?

  Why buying it will make the customer’s life easier, or safer or better somehow.

  Whatever the message is, make sure you get it right. Let me give you an

  example of not getting it right, Ha...ha...ha... you are going to love this one:

  There was this Soup Shop, the soup was really tasty, but there weren't a lot of

  customers. The owner thought that may be if they give something away for

  free with each purchase, then more people would come buy soup. So they got

  some cheap socks, and they advertise to give a pair away with each bowl of

  soup. But, then even fewer people came to the restaurant. Well, you can

  imagine why. People started to associate the soup with feet; they began to

  imagine the soup smelled like feet. The advertising massage, soup means free

  socks, was a bad choice; it was a waste of money. And worse, it caused the

  loss of customers.

  Now, I want everyone to get into small groups and come up with some

  examples, not of good advertising messages, but of truly disastrous ones.

  Think of real examples and make them up, and talk about the reasons those

  messages are unsuccessful. And then we’ll get back together and share.

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