SAT数学经典解题方法全解析

2022-06-03 05:45:49

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  SAT数学考试题型则分为两种:选择题和填写空格题。NEW SAT的数学考察范围包括算术及应用题、代数及函数、几何及度量衡、数据分析、统计学及基础概率论。当然这些内容中的绝大部分在中国大陆的数学教学中高二之前就已经全部学习完毕,而在美国却达到了其college的三年级水平。

  本文给大家介绍几种常见的SAT数学题的解题方法:

  1. 代入法

  例题:If x and y are two different integers and the product 35xy is the square of an integer, which of the following could be equal to xy?

  A. 5 B.70 C. 105 D. 140 E. 350解答:将答案依次带入,发现只有D选项35xy=35×140=35×35×4=(35×2)2。

  2. 特殊值法

  例题:xy=x+y. If y>2, what are all possible values of x that SATisfy the equation above?

  A. x<0, B. 0

  解答:y>2,不妨假设它为3,3x=x+3,x=3/2,一目了然D即为正确选项。

  3. 巧解法

  例题:At a certain diner, Joe orders 3 doughnuts and a cup of coffee and is charged $2.25. Stella orders 2 doughnuts and a cup of coffee and is charged $1.70. What is the price of 2 doughnuts?

  A. $ 0.55 B. $ 0.60 C. $ 1.10 D. $ 1.30 E. $ 1.80

  解答:按照常规的解题思路,我们可以用字母x和y分别指代“炸面包圈”和“咖啡”的价格,然后建立2个方程式3 x+y= $ 2.25 , 2 x+y= $ 1.70,最后求出方程组的解x=$ 0.55,

  y =$ 0.6。

  但是只要稍作思考,我们不难发现解题的捷径—— 3个炸面包圈加1杯咖啡的价格与2个炸面包圈加1 杯咖啡的价格相减,余额就是1个炸面包圈的价格:$ 2.25 -$ 1.70 =$ 0.55 。此时,我们还要注意的是,千万不能掉入命题者的陷阱而选择A,,因为A选项只是1个炸面包圈的价格。所以,正确答案应该是C选项。

  4. 逻辑推理法

  SAT数学题中有一类题和数学运算毫无关联,采用逻辑推理即可完成。此类题题目较少,但十分新颖。乍一看让人有些迷惑不解,其实只要掌握了恰当的方法,解题十分容易。

  例题:

  Family   Numbers of Consecutive Nights

  Jackson    10

  Callan   5

  Epstein   8

  Liu   6

  Benton    8

  The table above shows the number of consecutive nights that each of five families stayed at a certain hotel during a 14-night period. If the Liu family’s stay did not overlap with the Benton family’s stay, which of the 14 nights could be a night on which only one of the five families stayed at the hotel?

  A. The 3rd B. The 5th C. The 6th D. The 8th E. The 10th

  解答:此题只要借助线段,便一目了然了。既然原文说“the Liu family’s stay did not overlap with the Benton family’s stay”,而且两家刚好加在一起正好是14晚,那么不妨将这14晚设为一段长14cm的线段,从6cm处分割:

  Liu Benton family family︳______ ____︳_________________︳

  0 6cm 14cm

  ________10cm__________︳

  ________10cm__________︳

  由于Jackson family是剩余家庭里呆得时间最长的,所以只要从他家看起即可。该题可以简单转化为一段长10cm的线段在14cm范围内左右移动,要么露出最左面的 0~4cm空间(不包括4),要么留出最右面的10~14cm(不包括10)。所以没有被Jackson family所覆盖的只有这两个区间,也就是说只有一家居住的只能是前三天或后三天,答案为A。

  从上面的最后一道例题我们不难看出,对于中国学生而言,答好数学题的前提是读题能力,即英语能力,试想如果考生consecutive(连续的), overlap(重叠)等词认识有障碍,那么即使最后能猜出词义,也必然会浪费一定时间。所以,考生仍然要通过多做题来熟悉数学中的常用单词,特别是代数和几何方面的专用名词,如divisible(可被整除的),quotient(商),round to(四舍五入),equivalent equation(同解方程/等价方程),infinite decimal(无穷小数), recurring decimal(循环小数),concentric circles(同心圆),adjacent angle(邻角),segment of a circle(弧形),circumference/perimeter (周长),cross section(横截面),coordinate system(坐标系),Pythagorean theorem(勾股定理),等等。

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