2016年5月7日新
第四篇文章是关于葫芦藤的花粉传播问题，既会吸引蜜蜂，这对它来说是好的，又会吸引甲壳虫，这对它来说是有害的。这种葫芦会释放一种特定的香气，这种香气会吸引对它好的花粉传播者，然后科学家们就做实验，想要发现是否把这种特定的气味加强，会更好，然后做了一个对比试验，一部分是正常香气的，一部分是加强香气的，这里有个题目出的是，他们采用什么样的方法进行研究，答案选的是direct observation，然后加强香气的收到甲壳虫的破环后，让蜜蜂在这些香气强的受甲壳虫破坏的和正常香气的植物之间选择。最后试验结果发现，香气更强并不会对于吸引蜜蜂有帮助，所以实际上，这种植物并不会为了吸引蜜蜂而释放更对的香气。
第一篇：Address Before the Young Men's Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois
林肯认为对国家法律的尊重和遵守就要如同宗教一般虔诚，不然就践踏国家价值不敬祖先贻害后代。
林肯的呼吁(urge=advocate)很诚恳，不希望大家误解他是在维护恶法(anticipate a possible misunderstanding and correct it)。确属恶法的，应尽快通过正当民主程序纠正，但纠正前必须遵守。
law)都是不正当的;对于废奴法，无论正确错误都应通过正常程序处理。
第二篇：Civil Disobedienceby Henry David Thoreau
梭罗认为类似林肯的观点很荒唐，如果多数人是错误的，?如果政府的恶无大碍还能忍，如果自己不得不做帮凶，那还不如打破恶法。通过正常程序，黄花菜都凉了，人活着不能在这些事(petition to redress bad law)上浪费生命。关于废奴者，梭罗认为他们应当跟麻省政府划清界限，没必要为自己的信仰四处奔走，只要相信宇宙真理在自己一边(have God on their side)就够了。
Passage 1
节选自：林肯著名演讲《 The Perpetuation ofOur Political Institutions: Address Before the Young Men's Lyceum ofSpringfield, Illinois January 27, 1838》
I know the American People are muchattached to their Government;--I know they would suffer much for its sake;--Iknow they would endure evils long and patiently, before they would ever thinkof exchanging it for another. Yet, not withstanding all this, if the laws be continuallydespised and disregarded,if their rights to be secure in their persons and property,are held by no better tenure than the caprice of a mob, the alienation of theiraffections from the Government is the natural consequence; and to that, sooneror later, it must come.
Here then, is one point at which dangermaybe expected.
Passage 2
节选自：《Civil Disobedience》 --- Henry David Thoreau
How can a man be satisfied to entertainan opinion merely, and enjoy it? Is there any enjoyment in it, if his opinionis that he is aggrieved? If you are cheated out of a single dollar by yourneighbor, you do not rest satisfied with knowing that you are cheated, orwith saying that you are cheated, or even with petitioning him to pay youyour due; but you take effectual steps at once to obtain the full amount,and see that you are never cheated again. Action from principle,—the perception andthe performance of right,—changes things and relations;itis essentially revolutionary, and does not consist wholly with anythingwhich was. It not only divides states and churches, it divides families; aye,it divides the individual, separating the diabolicalin him from thedivine.
Unjust laws exist: shall we be contenttoo bey them, or shall weendeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded,or shall wetrans gress them at once? Men generally, under such a governmentas this, think that they ought to wait until they have persuaded the majorityto alter them. They think that, if they should resist, theremedy would beworse than the evil. But it is the fault of the governmentitself that theremedy is worse than the evil. It makes it worse. Why is itnotmore apt to anticipateand provide for reform? Why does it not cherishits wise minority? Why doesit cry and resist before it is hurt? Why does it not encourage its citizensto be on the alert to point out its faults, and do better than it would havethem? Why does it always crucify Christ and excommunicate Copernicus and Luther,and pronounce Washington and Franklin rebels?