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SAT Practice Test #9
P899——Section 4
作家生平对作品的影响
9. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. The author of Passage 2 speaks specifically of Clemens and claims that,"[t]he bankruptcy of Samuel Clemens, the death of his daughter, and the chronic illness of his wife are agonizing as personal history" (lines 14-16). The author of Passage 1 talks about Clemens and Adams together when referring to "personal tragedies" (lines 3-4) such as "the deaths of loved ones, the humiliation of family bankruptcies" (lines 5-6). Both authors agree that Clemens endured painful personal loss.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 is clear about Clemens' deep despair over "growing political discords, moral conflicts, and economic problems" (lines 9-10), in other words, despair over matters outside his personal life. The author of Passage 2, however, does not comment on Clemens' views of society and humanity. Passage 2 focuses on the question of whether, and how, Clemens' personal disasters were transformed into written works of art.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. Although Passage 2 refers to literary critics (lines 17-19), neither passage contains any information about whether Clemens was affected by literary critics.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. Passage 1 discusses Clemens and Adams together when it refers to "personal tragedies" (lines 3-4) that they endured. The author of Passage 1 very probably believes that the hardships endured by one were much like those endured by the other. However, the author of Passage 2 does not mention Adams. So there is no indication that the author of Passage 2 believes that Adams endured hardships like those Clemens endured.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 says that "the writings of Adams and Clemens reveal that the despair is in a slow process of incubation from their earliest work" (lines 6-8). Although the author of Passage 1 seems to believe that Clemens "revealed pessimism in his earliest writings," the author of Passage 2 does not comment on indications of pessimism in Clemens' work. Thus it is not appropriate to claim that "[b]oth authors agree" on whether Clemens' earliest writings revealed pessimism.
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10. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B :
Choice (B) is correct. By using the metaphor of "incubation" (line 8) and eventual "hatch[ing]" (line 9) to talk about Adams' and Clemens' growing despair, the author of Passage 1 suggests gradual development. According to the argument in Passage 1, slowly growing despair is a factor over the entire span of both Clemens' and Adams' creative careers.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The biological processes of "incubation" (line 8) and "hatch[ing]" (line 9) suggest a slow, steady progression that does not seem to be strongly associated with literary creativity. In addition, although "literary creativity" is an attribute of the two writers being examined, it is not an attribute of the way their despair evolved.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The phrase "timeless artistry" suggests something that is very rare and truly exceptional. There is nothing rare or exceptional about an egg, its incubation and, finally, the hatching of a baby bird.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. "Reluctant acknowledgment" suggests that something was originally unacknowledged, but gradually came to be accepted. The passage does state that "the despair is in a slow process of incubation" (lines 7-8); however, there is no sense that the writers' despair was originally unacknowledged.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The metaphor of incubation and hatching actually could be taken to suggest a "culminating achievement," especially if the emphasis is placed on the hatching. However, the situation that the metaphor is meant to shed light on is the writers' growing despair. There is nothing about this situation that resembles a culminating achievement.
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11. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. What the author of Passage 1 refers to as "contributory causes" in line 6 are personal tragedies that Clemens (as well as Adams) suffered. The author of Passage 2 mentions three such tragedies in Clemens' life: "the bankruptcy of Samuel Clemens, the death of his daughter, and the chronic illness of his wife" (lines 14-15). Referring to these tragedies, Passage 2 says that late in his career Clemens was able to "fuse and transform them into a culminating work of art" (line 23).
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The "contributory causes" (line 6) mentioned in Passage 1 refer to the unhappy personal experiences that, according to the author of Passage 2, significantly influenced Clemens' literary output. The author of Passage 2 calls Clemens' book The Mysterious Stranger "a culminating work" (line 23) and claims that it represents Clemens' successful effort to transform his agonizing personal experiences into art.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The personal experiences that the author of Passage 1 calls "contributory causes" (line 6) of Clemens' despair are the same experiences that Clemens, according to Passage 2, struggles to transform into art from 1895 onward. Clemens was born in 1835, so these experiences affect him as a creative artist late rather than early in his career.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The personal experiences that the author of Passage 1 calls "contributory causes" (line 6) were obviously very important to Clemens. In fact, the author of Passage 2 calls these experiences "vitally important" (line 22) to Clemens. The author of Passage 2 does not, however, contrast the importance of these personal experiences with the importance of political, moral, and economic factors.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 describes Clemens' personal disasters as "contributory causes" (line 6). The author of Passage 2 presents these "contributory causes" as being of considerable interest to critics (particularly in the way that they contribute to the development of a work of art). Critics are particularly interested in exploring Clemens' personal tragedies because it is one of the rare cases in which they can watch his attempts and final success in transforming his experiences into a work of art.
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12. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. The author of Passage 1 is interested in accounting for the growing mood of despair in the works of Adams and Clemens. The author's conclusion is that, "It is not a despair of personal bereavement but of country—and ultimately of humanity—that manifests itself in their works" (lines 11-13). According to the author, this despair of country was brought on by "growing political discords, moral conflicts, and economic problems" (lines 9-10). So in the case of both Adams and Clemens, the author of Passage 1 suggests that it was not personal history, but public events, that asserted the strongest influence on their writings.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 points to a connection between the lives of Adams and Clemens; both "gradually approached, during their careers, a mood of total despair" (lines 2-3). However, the author of Passage 1 does not suggest that this knowledge is essential to readers of either writer.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. According to the author of Passage 1, Clemens and Adams traveled similar paths to total despair, for similar reasons. The passage does not compare and contrast the difficulties the two writers faced. In particular, it does not address the issue of which of the two had the more distressing personal difficulties.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 mentions "[p]ersonal tragedies" in lines 3-4. These are presumably the same misfortunes the author of Passage 2 describes as "agonizing as personal history" (line15). Further, the author of Passage 1 suggests that these "[p]ersonal tragedies" (lines 3-4) have been used to explain the two writers' states of despair. Although the author of Passage 1 suggests that it is despair of country, rather than "despair of personal bereavement" that manifests itself in both writers' works, there is no indication that the author of Passage 1 would regard the "personal history" (line 16, Passage 2) as "inconsistent with the tone and character" of Clemens' work.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 does not describe Clemens as a "unique American writer." In fact, in the aspects of their lives that Passage 1 focuses on, Clemens is clearly not unique, because the development of his despair and the explanation for it are no different from what they are for Adams.
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P900——Section 4
运用左手的体会
13. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. The passage begins with an account of the author's personal struggle to adjust to the temporary immobilization of his right arm following surgery. The passage then opens out to broad reflections on the nature of the brain and its ability to adapt, which leads the author to promote a "view of the brain as dynamic and active" (lines 56-57).
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author does not present any scientific evidence that might refute a particular view. The author claims to have observed "radical adaptations" (line 56) that lead him to put forward an alternative view, but he does not say what those radical adaptations are and how exactly they support his view.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The passage does not contain any amusing anecdotes. One reference that can be described as anecdotal is the author saying that "in the first week I injured every finger on my left hand" (lines 19-20), but this is not meant to be amusing. Neither are the anecdotes "countered by profound insight"; rather, they illustrate the author's main point that the brain is remarkably able to adapt to changing conditions.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The paragraphs that follow the author's observations regarding his personal story of recovery are not in the least detached. In fact, the general viewpoint that the author develops here is repeatedly grounded in the author's own experience. For example, the author says, "This other side of development or disease is something I see, potentially, in almost every patient" (lines 54-56), or "This sense of the brain's remarkable plasticity . . . has come to dominate my own perception of my patients and their lives" (lines 68-72).
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. A "case study" is an intensive analysis of an individual case. A scientific hypothesis is a precisely formulated, testable claim expressing an inference from observed data. The passage does not offer an intensive analysis of the author's recovery, only a loose collection of suggestive observations. It also does not state a scientific hypothesis.
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14. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C :
Choice (C) is correct. The author describes himself as "strongly right-handed" (line 2) in the context of a situation in which he is unable to use his right arm. Emphasizing his right-handedness in this way serves to show the tremendous challenge the author faced when his right arm was immobilized. Obviously, the more strongly established the habit of using one arm in preference to the other, the more difficult it is to adapt to being without that arm.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The author does not mention being "strongly right-handed" (line 2) in order to make a point about how easy it was for him to become ambidextrous. For one thing, he has not become ambidextrous. For example, even though he is able to write using his left hand, he writes "slowly, awkwardly" (line 4). Moreover, to the extent that he is learning to use his left hand and arm, the process is not an easy one. As part of the evidence of how difficult this process has been, the author writes that "in the first week I injured every finger on my left hand" (lines 19-20).
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author does not use his being "strongly right-handed" (line 2) as a basis for comparing his particular abilities with those of other individuals. The contrast the author is primarily suggesting is between how he did things before (although this is not actually described) and after the arm surgery: "slowly, awkwardly" (line 4) in the case of writing, "quite off balance for a few days" (lines 9-10) in the case of walking.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. Readers will probably be sympathetic to the difficulties faced by the author. But the author does not mention his strong right-handedness to gain sympathy. Throughout the passage, the author is matter-of-fact ("I have also become very adept with my toes" (line 8) and does not seem to want readers to feel sorry for him. The point of mentioning his strong right-handedness is to give a sense of the magnitude of the adjustment that the author had to make.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The phrase "strongly right-handed" (line 2) does not mean that the right hand is, or was, particularly strong. The phrase means that there is a strong tendency to use the right hand instead of the left hand.
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15. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :
Choice (A) is correct. "Conjecture" means guess or theory. When the author says, "[t]here must be changes going on with some of the programs and circuits in my brain" and then adds, "(though our methods of brain imaging are still too crude to show these)" (lines 14-17), he is explaining a theory he has developed as a result of his own observations. Because his theory is impossible to confirm, it is best described as conjecture.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author's remark, which includes a reference to "programs and circuits in my brain" (lines 14-15), uses the language of computers (programs, circuits) metaphorically to talk about the brain, but this is not irony. "Irony" typically involves the use of a word to express the opposite of its literal meaning. The author's remark in lines 14-16 contains no irony of any kind.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. "Inquiry" means investigation. The author's remark in lines 14-16 may be interpreted as suggesting an inquiry or investigation, though the author seems to indicate that the proper technology with which to conduct an inquiry is not currently available (lines 16-17). However, this does not mean that the remark itself is an inquiry. The remark is a statement of what the author has come to believe.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. Although the author's remark in lines 14-16 is based on his observations, the remark itself is not an observation. An observation is based on physical data. This remark goes one step beyond simply offering physical data by creating a theory to explain what has been observed.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The author's remark is not, in itself, "evidence." The evidence that is being relied on here consists entirely of the author's observations of himself. Further, the author explains that "our methods of brain imaging are still too crude" to substantiate any of the changes he describes (lines 16-17). The more basic point is that the author's remark in lines 14-16 does not present evidence; rather, it presents an inference based on that evidence.
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16. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. In lines 15-16 the author mentions alterations in "synaptic weights and connectivities and signals." He then comments that our methods of brain imaging do not show these alterations yet because the methods are still "too crude" (line 17). In other words, these methods would have to be further refined, or developed, to show the alterations. So in this context, "crude" means unrefined or undeveloped.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. It would be difficult to make sense of a claim that a method was too "obvious," or straightforward, to show certain difficult-to-detect phenomena.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. There are uses of the word "crude" in which it means natural. The phrase "crude oil" is a case in point. The sense of "natural" that this involves is unprocessed, or as it occurs in nature. Methods of brain imaging are not things that occur in nature, so describing methods of brain imaging as "crude" in the sense of natural is inappropriate.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. A "crude remark" is a remark that shows a lack of social refinement and that may well be considered offensive. In lines 16-17, the point made about methods of brain imaging, however, is a point about what can be accomplished using those methods, not a point about their social acceptability. So "crude" as used in line 17 does not mean offensive.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. "Vulgar" means coarse or gross Calling methods of brain imaging "vulgar" would be a misuse of the term.
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17. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :
Choice (E) is correct. The author opens the passage with a description of how he adapted to having his right arm immobilized following surgery. The author explains that most of the adaptations "have occurred by themselves, unconsciously, by reprogrammings and adaptations of which I know nothing" (lines 20-22). The author indicates that these physical adaptations are as far outside his conscious knowledge as "how I normally walk." This illustrates an important point: neural adaptations are unconscious.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. By saying that he does not know how he normally walks, the author is not depicting his physical capabilities before his accident. What he is saying is that normal walking is not an activity that is controlled by the conscious mind. The purpose of saying this is to tell the reader that the author's newly adapted ways of doing things are no different from normal ways of doing things.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. The author's way of referring to learning from experience is learning "through trial and error" (line 19). The author sharply distinguishes adaptations that are produced by this sort of learning from unconscious adaptations. He does not seem to be very interested in the first kind, and the author’s parenthetical reference in lines 22-23 serves to highlight a point about unconscious adaptations, not about learning through experience.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The author says, "I am adapting, learning, all the while—not merely this left-handed writing, but a dozen other left-handed skills as well" (lines 5-7). This argues against the position that the author continues to be unable to perform simple tasks. It suggests that at this point the author might well be able to perform simple tasks again, only with the left hand rather than with the right. Since no inability to perform simple tasks has been established, there is none to explain.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :
Choice (D) is incorrect. To say that the author rationalizes a frustration presupposes that there is a frustration to rationalize. It is possible that the author was frustrated early on in his recovery, although he does not say so. At this point, the author just seems intensely interested in what is happening to him and observes it closely. He does not seem to be disappointed or discouraged.
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18. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D :
Choice (D) is correct. The surgeon's remarks in lines 34-36 are concerned with the author's recovery from arm surgery. With respect to the path to recovery to be taken, the surgeon tells the author: "There are general guidelines, restrictions, recommendations. But all the particulars you will have to find out for yourself." In other words, there is a broad framework within which recovery will take place, but for the most part the patient will have to develop his own procedures for coping.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
Choice (A) is incorrect. The surgeon does not mention muscular adjustments at all. The author does mention them (line 30) but only to say that they will be part of his recovery from surgery. There is no indication that the author is insufficiently open-minded about muscular adjustments, so the surgeon would not appear to have any reason to advise him to become more open-minded about them.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
Choice (B) is incorrect. What the surgeon tells the author, according to lines 34-36, is basically that there will be no detailed and specific regimen of rehabilitation for the author to follow. There will be general rules, but beyond that, the author will have to find his own way.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :
Choice (C) is incorrect. The surgeon tells the author that there are general guidelines that are common to everyone who has undergone the kind of surgery the author has. So there would be no point in asking others about their adherence to those guidelines. As for the individual details of the author's recovery, the surgeon says that the author will have to figure things out for himself. The suggestion is that the details will be different for each individual.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
Choice (E) is incorrect. The surgeon does not advise the author simply to wait patiently until he has recovered. The surgeon will give him some general directions, but aside from that, the surgeon's advice to the author is that he find out what works best for him personally.