TPO (TOEFL Practice Online) 是美国教育考试服务中心(Educational Testing Service，简称ETS)专为参加TOEFL TPO口语第17套Question4答题技巧及模版：
Question: Explain the concept of ritualization, using the example of dogs discussed by the professor.
1、题目关键词： ritualization, the example of dogs
2、答题要领：
(1)Briefly state the main idea of the reading passage.
(2)Concentrating on the lecture given by the professor. When orally summarizing the lecture, test takers are supposed to include the main points and some key examples as well.
3、阅读材料要点：
(1) ritualization is a process where behaviors displayed by some animals will be developed into one able to convey some specific message.
(2) Once ritualized, a behavior will be understood by other animals that will respond to this behavior.
4、听力材料要点：
(1)a dog will show its teeth before an attack. How this teeth-bearing can be interpreted as a signal of an attack can be traced back to long time ago.
(2)long long ago, when dogs were threatened, they would bite whatever animals attacking them with the initial action as showing their teeth. Later on, other animals knew dogs would attack them after dogs teeth were shown.Over time, dogs found that they didn't really have to attack other animals and just a simple teeth-showing was enough to send out a warning signal and could serve as a form of defense mechanism.
5、模板：
(1) In this set of materials, the reading passage is (the title of the reading passage) and the listening material is a lecture by a professor on the same topic. 当然，如果你觉得你的听力材料的理解率很高也不用谈及阅读材料中的内容。只是第一段说起来实在太easy了。
(2) In the reading passage, the university made an announcement that...本段可以省略，但是前提是你对于听力材料理解率很高，不会时间未到却无话可说了。
(3) In the lecture, the professor...不但要包括主要的观点而且最重要的是要包括教授举出的例子。
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网老师提醒：用TPO作为托福备考教材和练习工具，已经成为全球考生必选。由于TPO试题的权威性和实用性，SmartStudy（网）组织了权威师资对TPO进行了逐套逐项逐题的详细讲读，包括题目理解，答题思路，解题步骤，答案分析和难点重点针对解析，覆盖最全面的做题逻辑，输出细致贴心的答题辅导，并以精美的课件清晰呈现。相信SmartStudy（网）托福版块的“
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