Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early
history of the United States by applying new social
research findings on the experiences of European
migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the
(5) organizing principle for rewriting the history of prein-
dustrial North America. His approach rests on four
separate propositions.
The first of these asserts that residents of early
modern England moved regularly about their coun-
(10) tryside; migrating to the New World was simply a
“natural spillover.” Although at first the colonies held
little positive attraction for the English---they would
rather have stayed home—by the eighteenth century
people increasingly migrated to America because they
(15) regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn
holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in
America history textbooks, there was never a typical
New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns
(20) varied considerably.
Bailyn’s third proposition suggests two general
patterns prevailing among the many thousands of
migrants: one group came as indentured servants,
another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn
(25) suggests that those who recruited indentured servants
were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These
colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social char-
acter of people who came to preindustrial North America.
At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited;
(30) by the 1730’s, however, American employers demanded
skilled artisans.
Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-
civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He
is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were
(35) part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the
empire into English core and colonial periphery, as
Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial
culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in
the colonies never matched that in England. But what
(40) of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers
created effective laws, built a distinguished university,
and published books? Bailyn might respond that New
England was exceptional. However, the ideas and insti-
tutions developed by New England Puritans had power-
(45) ful effects on North American culture.
Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to
some thousands of indentured servants who migrated
just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experi-
ence with the political development of the United States.
(50) Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might
make such a connection. These indentured servants were
treated as slaves for the period during which they had
sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising
that as soon as they served their time they passed up
(55) good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their
personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in
the west that a peculiarly American political culture
began, among colonists who were suspicious of
authority and intensely antiaristocratic.
1. Which of the following statements about migrants to
colonial North America is supported by information in
the passage?
(A) A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North
America came as indentured servants than as free
agents interested in acquiring land.
(B) Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured
servants were more successful at making a
livelihood than were farmers and artisans.
(C) Migrants to colonial North America were more
successful at acquiring their own land during the
eighteenth century than during the seven-tenth
century.
(D) By the 1730’s, migrants already skilled in a
trade were in more demand by American
employers than were unskilled laborers.
(E) A significant percentage of migrants who came to
the colonies to acquire land were forced to work as
field hands for prosperous American farmers.
2. The author of the passage states that Bailyn failed to
(A) give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political
interdependence of the colonies and England
(B) describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic
backgrounds preserved their culture in the united
States
(C) take advantage of social research on the experi-
ences of colonists who migrated to colonial North
America specifically to acquire land
(D) relate the experience of the migrants to the political
values that eventually shaped the character of the
United States
(E) investigate the lives of Europeans before they came
to colonial North America to determine more
adequately their motivations for migrating
3. Which of the following best summarizes the author’s
evaluation of Bailyn’s fourth proposition?
(A) It is totally implausible.
(B) It is partially correct.
(C) It is highly admirable.
(D) It is controversial though persuasive.
(E) It is intriguing though unsubstantiated.
4. According to the passage, Bailyn and the author agree
on which of the following statements about the culture
of colonial New England?
(A) High culture in New England never equaled the high
culture of England.
(B) The cultural achievements of colonial New
England have generally been unrecognized by
historians.
(C) The colonists imitated the high culture of England,
and did not develop a culture that was uniquely their
own.
(D) The southern colonies were greatly influenced by
the high culture of New England.
(E) New England communities were able to create laws
and build a university, but unable to create anything
innovative in the arts.
5. According to the passage, which of the following is true
of English migrants to the colonies during the
eighteenth century?
(A) Most of them were farmers rather than trades
people or artisans.
(B) Most of them came because they were unable
to find work in England.
(C) They differed from other English people in that
they were willing to travel.
(D) They expected that the colonies would offer
them increased opportunity.
(E) They were generally not as educated as the
people who remained in England.
6. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A) comparing several current interpretations of early
American history
(B) suggesting that new social research on migration
should lead to revisions in current interpretations of
early American history
(C) providing the theoretical framework that is used by
most historians in understanding early American
history
(D) refuting an argument about early American history
that has been proposed by social historians
(E) discussing a reinterpretation of early American
history that is based on new social research on
migration
7. It can be inferred from the passage that American
history textbooks used to assert that
(A) many migrants to colonial North America were not
successful financially
(B) more migrants came to America out of religious or
political conviction that came in the hope of
acquiring land
(C) New England communities were much alike in
terms of their economics and demographics
(D) many migrants to colonial North America failed to
maintain ties with their European relations
(E) the level of literacy in New England communities
was very high
8. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree
with which of the following statements about Bailyn’s
work?
(A) Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought
on North American culture
(B) Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of
the colonies on Great Britain.
(C) Bailyn’s description of the colonies as part of an
Anglo-American empire is misleading and incorrect.
(D) Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific
group of migrants to colonial North America.
(E) Bailyn overemphasizes the experiences of migrants
to the New England colonies, and neglects the
southern and the western parts of the New World.