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(一) 容词和副词
1.形容词修饰名词或者代词，副词修饰除了名词和代词外，其余词均可修饰。
2.GMAT 考试中最长出现的修饰结构：
形容词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，两个形容词均修饰名词
副词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词
EG: James is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor. supposed修饰ancestor，表明James可能是，也可能不是MAX的ancestor.
Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.此处supposedly一定要用副词形式，因为M的奶奶肯定是M 的祖先，只是不知道是不是他的Irish祖先而已，因此副词再次修饰形容词了。
常见的形容词+ly 变副词的词语: corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent,
seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual.
(二)名词修饰语：形容词、介词短语，过去分词，不加逗号的现在分词，从句，同位语(另一个名词)
前置修饰(同位语)是GMAT 中最常见的名词性修饰
EG: Tired from chasing mice, the cat took a nap.
1.名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近，就近修饰;如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词，则会产生误解。
EG: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. 错
To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. 对
2.每一个名词修饰必须对应一个修饰对象，不能缺乏修饰对象
Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.
Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion.
3.避免一些列的修饰语修饰一个名词，让两个很长的修饰语修饰一个名词不好
最常见的模式就是：修饰语，修饰语， 主谓宾必错
而一种常见容易弄错的情形是：修饰语，主语+定语从句，谓宾，这种是对的
另外一种：修饰语，定语从句，主语，修饰语，谓语宾语，这种也对，但少见
注意：动词修饰语不像名词修饰语，不需要贴近其修饰的主语。
Wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the na- tion. who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and in- spired a generation of comedians.
Better: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation. George Car- lin. who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.
BEST: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians,
另外，要注意所有格形式，这种形式经常会出现修饰错误,要区分所修饰de内容指的是人还是物!特别注意抽象名词
EG: Wrong : Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago, into a true art form taken place.
此句中，后句不是句子而是一个修饰结构，由于靠近development，通常会被我们误认为是修饰development.
Right: Origami-a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago-has developed into a true art form only in the past century.
(三)名词修饰与从句
1.Which(修饰物)，that(不能修饰人)， who /whom(修饰人)、whose, where, when, Who: 一般修饰主语; whom: 一般修饰宾语，且一般跟在介词 in/for后面，其中在GMAT中whose既可以修饰物也可以修饰人。
e.g .the town whose water supply was contaminated.
That/whom：修饰的成分是宾语的时候，是可以省略的(判定是否是修饰宾语：修饰宾语通常是对宾语的限定，例如哪一个nice?)
Wrong: The security guard WHO we met was nice.
Right: The security guard WHOM we met was nice.
Where: 只能修饰具体的地点，对于一些虚拟的，如condition, situation(位置), case, circumstance,arrangement(布置)，用in which修饰更好。
When: 可以修饰一个名词时间或时间，如time, period, age, 1987, decade, 也可以用in which
2.修饰限制性名词修饰，一般用the;无逗号隔开的，用that;
非限制性名词修饰，一般用this/these：有逗号隔开的，用which
Non-essential: This mansion，WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED, is owned by the Lees.
Essential: The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees.
但是当which前面有介词的时候，例如for which，可能不需要that,但是依然需要逗号原则。
Non-essential: This mansion. FOR WHICH I YEARN, is owned by the Lees.
Essential: The mansion FOR WHICH I YEARN is owned by the Lees.
(四)动词修饰：副词，介词短语，从属结构
从属结构，通过because, although, if, while, so that修饰，有两个重要考点：
1. 主谓语宾要全，因为毕竟是一个句子
2. 不能单独形成一个完整的句子，逻辑意思必须依附于一个主句。
(五)which 和现在分词
1.Which 必须紧跟其修饰的名词，which不能修饰一个句子，which只能指代它前面的一个名词
Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood. WHICH has led to a rise in property values.(此句中which指的是neighborhood,错)
Right: The recent decrease in crime in our neighborhood has led to a rise in property values.
2.ing 形式做修饰语
(1)做形容词，直接修饰名词
(2)可以修饰主语和动词
(3)可以修饰一个从句(此时主句若转化为同意名词，这个名词可作为ing的主语)，这种
形式就是常见的ing表示结果的结构。
EG: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.
(4)ing 形式在主系表结构中，可以修饰其前面紧跟的名词
(5)ing 形式在主谓宾结构之后，可以表示与谓语动词同时发生，表伴随，此时其逻辑主
语就是主句的主语。
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