Manhattan语法中文笔记之动词的时态、语气和主被动!Manhattan语法是考生备考GMAT考试的重要资料之一。想要获得完整版Manhattan语法中文笔记资料的小伙伴可以进行下载。
(一)时态、感情、语气
1. 一般定义用一般现在时。
2. 不能用一般现在时表示将来。
3.表示一般状态的动词不用进行时，比如know, signify(意味着)，emit(发射)
EG: Wrong: This inscription IS SIGNIFYING the emperor's birth.
Right: This inscription SIGNIFIES the emperor's birth.
4.现在进行时不能表示将来的动作，但是可以表示“可能性”
Wrong: Quentin IS MEETING Harvey for lunch tomorrow.
Right: Quentin WILL MEET Harvey for lunch tomorrow.
Sandy WILL BE PLAYING soccer tomorrow.
5.一个句子中的不同动词时态。若在一个句子里，两个动词的时态一样，代表两个动作是平行的，同样重要的。若一个句子里两个时态不一样，则时态近的是主句，另一个动作通常代表一个背景介绍。
Right: She WAS PLAYING with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.此句要表达的是the babysitter arrived之前she was playing.
She PLAYED with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.此句表达的是the babysitter arrived之后she played.
(二)现在完成时态
1.现在完成时表示的是一个行为发生在过去，但状态继续到现在，或者是仍然对现在有所影响。现在完成时的构成：have/has+过去分词
现在完成时的标志词：since+过去一个时间点; within/over/during/in+时间段
EG: She WILL PAY you when you HAVE TAKEN out the garbage.
(The time of will pay is LATER than the future time of have taken)
2.而一般过去时表示的一个行为发生在过去，已经结束且对现在没有影响。
表示词：likeihood/ possibility+ that, over+时间点
(三)过去完成时
1.两个行为都发生在过去，而较早的那一个要用过去完成时，
若转述一个人发表的演讲或者报告，要将现在时转化为过去时，过去时转化为过去完成时，将来时转化为条件状态(will---would)
EG: The man believes that the machine will be wonderful.
The scientist believed that the machine would be wonderful.
错误：The man believes that the machine would be wonderful.
The man believed that the machine will be wonderful.
注：主句若是现在时，则从句时态必须不能早过其时态，即必须是“现在时间内的某个时态”;同样，如果主句是过去时，则从句必须时过去时间内的某个时态。
2.如果主句和分句主语相同，且以and, before, but等连接，如果句子逻辑上存在先后顺序的话，主分句都用一般过去时即可。
EG: Antonio DROVE to the store, and Cristina BOUGHT some ice cream.
Laura LOCKED the dead bolt before she LEFT for work.
3.Trick一枚：有时候我们可以在前一个分句中用一般过去时表示“过去”，在后一个分句中
用过去完成时表示从“过去”一直延续下去。即一般过去时在过去完成时之前。
EG: The band U2 was one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980's, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular music.
(四)虚拟语气
虚拟语气常见的两种形式：
1. 看起来不可能或者不真实的条件，用if, as if, as though引导
Right: To overcome my fear of germs, I will think about disease as though it WERE harmless.
2.proposal, desire, request等表“建议”、“命令”的词用that引导
虚拟语气中，be一般用were. EG: if I were a rich man
3.If…then….常见的五种句型 (then 经常会被省略掉)-假设性虚拟语气
(1)表示确定: If present(现在时), then present(现在时)
EG: if she eats pizza, (then) she becomes ill.
(2)表示某种程度的不确定: if present(现在时), then can or may
If she eats pizza, (then) she may become ill.
(3)确定-用于将来时态(现在发生的某些事情造成将来的影响)：
if present,(现在时) then future(将来时)
If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.
(4)不确定-将来时态：
if hypothetical subjunctive(虚拟语气), then conditional(情态动词)
If she ate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
此句中，作者认为S不太可能吃披萨，所以情态动词would是对一个不太可能发生的事情的推测。
(5)从未发生-过去式：
if past perfect(完成时), then conditional perfect(情态动词完成时)
If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would have become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
注：a.在GMAT中，如果遇到but if..那么就要考虑是否是以上的五种之一。
Right: IF you study diligently, [THEN] you will score highly.
Right: You will score highly IF you study diligently.
b.情态动词would/should永远不会出现在“if”从句中
4.命令性的虚拟语气，(比假设性虚拟更重要)
(1)一般形式： 主语+命令性动词+that+从句主语+虚拟动词原型(没有S没有am,is,are)
(2)暴力词-只能用that从句的命令虚拟语气，不能用不定式：demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate(规定), suggest
We demand THAT HE BE here.
其中propose,当句子中的两个动词发起者均是一个主语时，可以用不定式。
The attorneys proposed to meet the following day.
(3) 暴力词-只能用不定式的：advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want
We allow HIM TO BE here.
(4) 暴力词-既可以接that从句的命令虚拟语气，又可以接不定式：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require
We require THAT HE BE here. O R We require HIM TO BE here.
(5) 具有命令性的词汇的名词形式同样应用虚拟语气
Right: His demand THAT he BE paid full severance was not met.
(6) 形容词性的命令词汇既可用虚拟语气，也可用不定式：如essential, advisable, crucial,desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital
Right: It is essential THAT Gary BE ready before noon.
it is essentialfor Gary to be ready before noon.
(7)例外暴力词-prohibit
常见用法：prohibit sth;prohibit from doing;prohibit sb from doing
Right: The agency PROHIBITED Gary FROM WORKING on weekends.
但prohibit不能接不定式
EG: In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative water purification method, the
company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting disclosure of its water purification methods to any company using an analogous purification process.
注：a. 在虚拟语气中，这些词没有第三人称单数形式。
that the school board DISBAND, not DISBANDS
b. BE作为虚拟语气动词的时候，只有Be的形式，没有am ,is ,are
BE ready before noon, Gary!
c. GMAT中虚拟经常错的几种形式
第一句：缺That
第二句：disbands错，应该没有S
第三句：没有is
第四句：没有will
第五句：没有should
正确：Bossy Verb + THAT+ subject + Command Subjunctive
We PROPOSE THAT the school board DISBAND.
d. 特例Want.，有时候使用want并不是虚拟语气，而只是一个不定式表目的
Right: The vice-president WANTS her TO GO to the retreat.
Wrong: The vice-president WANTS THAT she GO to the retreat.
(五)被动语态与主动语态 BE(am,is,are/was,were)+过去分词
1.by后面一般跟动作的执行者且一定是被动语态; through 和because of 后面跟一些设备手段或者方法
2.GMAT规则，主动优于被动
3.完成时态可用不及物动词，但被动语态不可以，例如arrive,不能用被动语态，因为不能“arrive something/something can`t be arrive”
Wrong: The aliens WERE ARRIVED on Neptune in the 20th century.
Right: The aliens ARRIVED on Neptune in the 20th century.
希望以上为大家分享的Manhattan语法中文笔记之动词的时态、语气和主被动，能够对大家进行备考有帮助。
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