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Joseph Glarthaar’s Forged in Battle is not the first excel-
lent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the
Civil War, but it uses more soldiers’ letters and diaries—
including rare material from Black soldiers—and concen-
(5) rates more intensely on Black-White relations in Black
regiments than do any of its predecessors. Glathaar’s title
expresses his thesis: loyalty, friendship, and respect among
White officers and Black soldiers were fostered by the
mutual dangers they faced in combat.
(10 ) Glarthaar accurately describes the government’s discrim-
inatory treatment of Black soldiers in pay, promotion, medi
cal care, and job assignments, appropriately emphasizing
the campaign by Black soldiers and their officers to get the
opportunity to fight. That chance remained limited through
(15) out the war by army policies that kept most Black units
serving in rear-echelon assignments and working in labor
battalions. Thus, while their combat death rate was only
one-third that of White units, their mortality rate from
disease, a major killer in his war, was twice as great.
(20) Despite these obstacles, the courage and effectiveness of
several Black units in combat won increasing respect from
initially skeptical or hostile White soldiers. As one White
officer put it, “they have fought their way into the respect
of all the army.”
(25) In trying to demonstrate the magnitude of this attitudi-
nal change, however, Glarthaar seems to exaggerate the
prewar racism of the White men who became officers in
Black regiments. “Prior to the war,” he writes of these
men, “virtually all of them held powerful racial prejudices.”
(30) While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black
units for promotion or other self-serving motives, this state-
ment misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists
who became officers in Black regiments. Having spent
years fighting against the race prejudice endemic in Ameri-
(35) can society; they participated eagerly in this military exper-
iment, which they hoped would help African Americans
achieve freedom and postwar civil equality. By current
standards of racial egalitarianism, these men’s paternalism
toward African Americans was racist. But to call their
(40) feelings “powerful racial prejudices” is to indulge in
generational chauvinism—to judge past eras by present
standards.
1. The passage as a whole can best be characterized as which of
the following?
(A) An evaluation of a scholarly study
(B) A description of an attitudinal change
(C) A discussion of an analytical defect
(D) An analysis of the causes of a phenomenon
(E) An argument in favor of revising a view
2. According to the author, which of the following is true of
Glarthaar’s Forged in Battle compared with previous studies
on the same topic?
(A) It is more reliable and presents a more complete picture
of the historical events on which it concentrates than do
previous studies.
(B) It uses more of a particular kind of source material and
focuses more closely on a particular aspect of the topic
than do previous studies.
(C) It contains some unsupported generalizations, but it
rightly emphasizes a theme ignored by most previous
studies.
(D) It surpasses previous studies on the same topic in that it
accurately describes conditions often neglected by those
studies.
(E) It makes skillful use of supporting evidence to illustrate a
subtle trend that previous studies have failed to detect.
3. The author implies that the title of Glatthaar’s book refers
specifically to which of the following?
(A) The sense of pride and accomplishment that Black
soldiers increasingly felt as a result of their Civil War
experiences
(B) The civil equality that African Americans achieved after
the Civil War, partly as a result of their use of
organizational skills honed by combat
(C) The changes in discriminatory army policies that were
made as a direct result of the performance of Black
combat units during the Civil War
(D) The improved interracial relations that were formed by
the races’ facing of common dangers and their waging
of a common fight during the Civil War
(E) The standards of racial egalitarianism that came to be
adopted as a result of White Civil War veterans’
repudiation of the previous racism
4. The passage mentions which of the following as an
important theme that receives special emphasis in
Glarthaar’s book?
(A) The attitudes of abolitionist officers in Black units
(B) The struggle of Black units to get combat assignments
(C) The consequences of the poor medical care received by
Black soldiers
(D) The motives of officers serving in Black units
(E) The discrimination that Black soldiers faced when trying
for promotions
5. The passage suggests that which of the following was true of
Black units’ disease mortality rates in the Civil War?
(A) They were almost as high as the combat mortality rates
of White units.
(B) They resulted in part from the relative inexperience of
these units when in combat.
(C) They were especially high because of the nature of these
units’ usual duty assignments.
(D) They resulted in extremely high overall casualty rates in
Black combat units.
(E) They exacerbated the morale problems that were caused
by the army’s discriminatory policies.
6. The author of the passage quotes the White officer in lines
23-24 primarily in order to provide evidence to support the
contention that
(A) virtually all White officers initially had hostile attitudes
toward Black soldiers
(B) Black soldiers were often forced to defend themselves
from physical attacks initiated by soldiers from White
units
(C) the combat performance of Black units changed the
attitudes of White soldiers toward Black soldiers
(D) White units paid especially careful attention to the
performance of Black units in battle
(E) respect in the army as a whole was accorded only to
those units, whether Black or White, that performed well
in battle
7. Which of the following best describes the kind of error
attributed to Glarthaar in lines 25-28?
(A) Insisting on an unwarranted distinction between two
groups of individuals in order to render an argument
concerning them internally consistent
(B) Supporting an argument in favor of a given interpretation
of a situation with evidence that is not particularly
relevant to the situation
(C) Presenting a distorted view of the motives of certain
individuals in order to provide grounds for a negative
evaluation of their actions
(D) Describing the conditions prevailing before a given
event in such a way that the contrast with those
prevailing after the event appears more striking than it
actually is
(E) Asserting that a given event is caused by another event
merely because the other event occurred before the given
event occurred
8. Which of the following actions can best be described as
indulging in “generational chauvinism” (lines 40-41) as that
practice is defined in the passage?
(A) Condemning a present-day monarch merely because
many monarchs have been tyrannical in the past.
(B) Clinging to the formal standards of politeness common
in one’s youth to such a degree that any relaxation of
those standards is intolerable
(C) Questioning the accuracy of a report written by an
employee merely because of the employee’s gender.
(D) Deriding the superstitions accepted as “science” in past
eras without acknowledging the prevalence of irrational
beliefs today.
(E) Labeling a nineteenth-century politician as “corrupt”
for engaging in once-acceptable practices considered
intolerable today.