朗阁海外考试研究中心/杭州朗阁 高婷婷
I 背景介绍：
无论是大多数考生备考雅思的过程中，还是从历年来雅思考试四项的中国考生平均分，都可以反映出中国考生在雅思写作方面的薄弱。因为写作是最能体现个人的语言运用能力和水平的，所以不像其他课程可以通过短期的特训得到很快的提高，而是要求考生花时间对词汇，句型，语法等等内容的整理，记忆，以及运用。
在具体写作的过程中，考生要遇到的第一步事情应该是引言段的写作。俗话说，万事开头难。很多考生不知道如何开头，浪费时间，导致无法在规定时间内完成250个单词的大作文。其实，就笔者归纳，引言段可先通过对background 的描写来引出话题。
II Background 方法介绍
笔者就从教来的总结归纳来介绍Background的写作，认为应该从内容同句型上同时做到补充。下面先给大家介绍下扩充背景句的方法：
1). 追根溯源法。即从题目给出的话题中找出这个现象产生的原因来扩展背景句。这种方法适合大多数的话题，考生要尽量在考前做练习，这样在考试就可以得心应手了。
请看下面的例子：
There are social, medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. What forms do they take? Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones? (高分范文P76)
这个题目中给出的话题是mobile phone，所以考生可以从它产生的原因来考虑，就是科技的繁荣，而科技的繁荣，手机的广泛使用是在20世纪末，这样背景句就有内容可写了。当然要通过相应的句型来写了。如
… (time) witnessed …
这个背景句就可以写成： The late 20th century witnessed the boom of science and technology, which gave rise to a series of technological innovations, including the mobile phone。
再看一例：
Nowadays, some universities offer students skills that assist them to find employment, but some people believe that the main function of a university should be to provide students with access to knowledge for its sake. What is your opinion?
这题要求大家讨论大学是提供职业技能还是传授知识。那从传统观点来看，大学是传授知识的地方，为什么会提出要传授技能呢，所以这里考生也可以用追根溯源法思考下，大家肯定可以想到是由于找工作已经成为当今教育的目的之一了，所以很多大学就转移到以传授技能为主了。那当然还是要结合句型，这里可以用as 引导的原因状语从句。
参考：As job-hunting has become one of the main purposes of university education, the majority of the universities tend to offer vocational trainings to prepare the students for their future career。
2). 重述法。即对关于这个话题的当前现状的重述。
请看一例：
Nowadays, people are facing more and more work-related stress. State the possible reasons for this phenomenon and make some recommendations about how to combat it。
本题的话题关于压力，那考生可从当前社会现象来考虑这个问题，考生不难想出当下对压力这一现象的情况，即很多人都在承受着或多或少的压力。可用it is generally believed that … 形式主语的句型。
参考： It is generally believed that white-collar as well as blue-collars workers are suffering from psychological and physical stress stemming from work。
再看一例：
Environmental problem is too big for individual countries and individual people to address. In other words, we have reached the stage where the only way to protect the environment is at an international level. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
本题话题为环境问题，考生也可用重述法对当前环境问题进行重述，这时，可以用In modern society/ At present, 等表时间的介词短语来引导一个叙述句型。
参考：In modern society, environment related issues have confronted ecological scientists, government agencies and the general public. (引自雅思高分范文p16)
3). 定义法。即通过对话题词的定义的介绍，这种方法有一定难度，考生需要有渊博的知识，才能做到对名词的解释，但对特别明显的词语，考生可借鉴这种方法。
请看一例：
The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
本题中的话题词为图书馆，可以解释的词也是图书馆比较方便容易。那么到底如何解释呢，比如说图书馆在传统意义上来看，是收藏书的地方，而现在因为科技发展，使得图书馆的意义发生改变，从而引出话题。这里同样可以用形式主语：
It is generally believed that public libraries are places with a large collection of books; however, the digital time has given it a new means of storing and retrieving information。
III Background 句型介绍：
从以上的分析，我们发现在内容上是有方法了，不难从内容上找材料，可是如果句型积累不多的话，写出来的句子也是无法得到高分的，所以接下来，为大家介绍下常用的高分句型。
1). It is … that …
It is … who … 强调句型
Eg It is the traditions in Beijing that attract many foreign tourists。
下面是考官范文里的句子：
It is the interaction of the two that shapes a person’s personality and dictates how that personality develops。
2). It is generally believed
It is the case that …
It is apparent that … 等形式主语
Eg It is generally believed that white-collar as well as blue-collar workers are suffering from psychological and physical stress stemming from work。
3). 状语前置
下面是剑6的高分范文中的句子：
In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied。
Just like movie stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars。
4). 时间引导的叙述句型
Lately, the problem of unemployment has been brought to popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter。
根据以上笔者的分析，考生可通过这两个方面来做到背景句的描写，从而在开头就吸引考官的注意力，好的开始是成功的一半，有了好的开始，为考生在写作中做到思路清晰，以及节省时间都打了坚实的基础。