今天小编为大家带来的就是的相关内容,大家在备考
1. 首句开门见山指出文章逻辑错误。
可以先通过一个小小的让步,指出文章的论证有其道理(这里可以高度概括一下文章逻辑论证思路和方法by comparison … with…)relatively/appear to/seem to/well presented/after all(注意这里不要summery the argument,要immediately engage the argument!),然后笔锋一转however/while指出文章逻辑是有问题的。
2. 简单概括文章的逻辑错误,用高度凝练的语言提示下文论证思路。
这里又分为好几种方法:
a. 用first/in addition/also等清晰地列出文章逻辑错误和下文反驳要点。
b. 指出施行题目中建议的后果。
c. 只提示下一段的论证,承接下一段(不推荐)。
d. 用列举他因的方式提示下文论证要点。
以官方范文为例
Argument test 1: Speed Limits in Forestville.
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.
“Six months ago the region of Forestville increased the speed limit for vehicles traveling on the region's highways by ten miles per hour. Since that change took effect, the number of automobile accidents in that region has increased by 15 percent. But the speed limit in Elmsford, a region neighboring Forestville, remained unchanged, and automobile accidents declined slightly during the same six-month period. Therefore, if the citizens of Forestville want to reduce the number of automobile accidents on the region's highways, they should campaign to reduce Forestville's speed limit to what it was before the increase.”
Models from Practice Book
6分:
The agrument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned. By making a comparison of the region of Forestville, the town with the higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the region of Elmsford, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing Forestville's speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical.
However,
这篇开头一开始就直截了当指出这篇argument是not well reasoned,然后高度概括了题目中的要点和题目的观点,下文反驳的第一段就用however承接,逻辑连贯,是大家比较喜欢的argument开头。
Argument test 2: Scott Woods
The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.
"Five years ago, we residents of Morganton voted to keep the publicly owned piece of land known as Scott Woods in a natural, undeveloped state. Our thinking was that, if no shopping centers or houses were built there, Scott Woods would continue to benefit our community as a natural parkland. But now that our town planning committee wants to purchase the land and build a school there, we should reconsider this issue. If the land becomes a school site, no shopping centers or houses can be built there, and substantial acreage would probably be devoted to athletic fields. There would be no better use of land in our community than this, since a large majority of our children participate in sports, and Scott Woods would continue to benefit our community as natural parkland."
This letter to the editor begins by stating the reasons the residents of Morganton voted to keep Scott Woods in an undeveloped state. The letter states that the entire community could benefit from an undeveloped parkland. The residents of the town wanted to ensure that no shopping centers or houses would be built there. This, in turn, would provide everyone in the community with a valuable resource, a natural park.
The letter then continues by addressing the issue of building a school on the land. The author reasons that this would also benefit the entire community as a natural parkland since much of the land would be devoted to athletic fields. The author of the letter comes to the conclusion that building a school on the land would be the best thing for everyone in the community.
This letter is a one-sided argument about the best use of the land known as Scott Woods. The author may be a parent whose child would benefit from a new school, a teacher who thinks a school would boost the community, or just a resident of Morganton. Regardless of who the author is, there are many aspects of this plan that he or she has overlooked or chosen to ignore.
这篇文章的开头实在是太长了,个人不建议写这样的开头,前两段全部是对题目的改写,第三段还用了两行去猜这个argument作者的身份,毕竟我们只有30min去写一篇argument,我认为开头还是开门见山,简单明了地表明文章观点比较好,把重点放在后面的论证部分。
我们可以看到commentary对这种开头也并不看好!
COMMENTARY
This outstanding response begins somewhat hesitantly; the opening paragraphs summarize but do not immediately engage the argument. (注意,这句话的意思是,rater希望看到的是immediately engage the argument的文章,而不是summarize the argument!)However, the subsequent paragraphs target the central flaws in the argument and analyze them in almost microscopic detail.
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