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1. The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a food distribution company with food storage warehouses in several cities.
"Recently, we signed a contract with the Fly-Away Pest Control Company to provide pest control services at our warehouse in Palm City, but last month we discovered that over $20,000 worth of food there had been destroyed by pest damage. Meanwhile, the Buzzoff Pest Control Company, which we have used for many years in Palm City, continued to service our warehouse in Wintervale, and last month only $10,000 worth of the food stored there had been destroyed by pest damage. This difference in pest damage is best explained by the negligence of Fly-Away."
下面这段文字出自一家在多地经营食品零售和仓储业务的公司副总裁的备忘录。
最近我们和Fly-Away Pest-Control公司签订了一项合同来为我们在Palm City的快餐食品仓库提供杀虫服务。但上个月我们发现，那里有价值超过$20000的食品被害虫破坏。同时，我们使用多年的Buzzoff Pest-Control公司继续在Wintervale的仓库服务，上个月那里只有价值$10000的食品被害虫破坏。这一区别很好的说明了Fly-Away公司的疏忽大意。
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
2. The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a food distribution company with food storage warehouses in several cities.
"Recently, we signed a contract with the Fly-Away Pest Control Company to provide pest control services at our warehouse in Palm City, but last month we discovered that over $20,000 worth of food there had been destroyed by pest damage. Meanwhile, the Buzzoff Pest Control Company, which we have used for many years in Palm City, continued to service our warehouse in Wintervale, and last month only $10,000 worth of the food stored there had been destroyed by pest damage. Even though the price charged by Fly-Away is considerably lower, our best means of saving money is to return to Buzzoff for all our pest control services."
下面这段文字出自一家在多地经营食品零售和仓储业务的公司副总裁的备忘录。
最近我们和Fly-Away Pest-Control公司签订了一项合同来为我们在Palm City的快餐食品仓库提供杀虫服务。但上个月我们发现，那里有价值超过$20000的食品被害虫破坏。同时，我们使用多年的Buzzoff Pest-Control公司继续在Wintervale的仓库服务，上个月那里只有价值$10000的食品被害虫破坏。尽管Fly-Away的收费低廉的多，但我们省钱的最好方式就是重新使用Buzzoff公司来提供我们所有的杀虫服务。
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
3. The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.
"A recent study rating 300 male and female advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than six hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. On the basis of this study, we recommend that businesses hire only people who need less than six hours of sleep per night."
下面这段文字节选自一本商业杂志的一篇文章。
最近一项调查选取了Mentian 广告公司300名男女行政官进行研究，根据他们每晚平均睡眠时间得出了一个结论：行政官的睡眠时间和公司的成功之间有联系。根据对这些广告公司的调查，那些拥有每晚所需睡眠时间少于6小时的行政官的公司利润更高、成长更快。基于这一研究，我们建议公司应该只雇佣每晚所需睡眠时间小于6小时的行政官。
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.
4. Evidence suggests that academic honor codes, which call for students to agree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated, are far more successful than are other methods at deterring cheating among students at colleges and universities. Several years ago, Groveton College adopted such a code and discontinued its old-fashioned system in which teachers closely monitored students. Under the old system, teachers reported an average of thirty cases of cheating per year. In the first year the honor code was in place, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen. Moreover, in a recent survey, a majority of Groveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without.
有证据表明，在大学和学院里建立学术诚信机制比其他方法在防止作弊问题上更加成功。学术诚信机制要求学生同意在学业中不作弊，并且当他们怀疑别人作弊的时候通知老师。前些年，Groveton的诚信制度代替了原有的学生被老师严密监视的老体制。在老体制中平均每年有30起作弊被上报。在新体制实施的第一年，学生上报了21起作弊事件;五年后，这一数值下降到了14起。而且，在最近一次调查中，大部分学生说有了诚信制度他们更加不太可能作弊。
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
5. Several years ago, Groveton College adopted an honor code, which calls for students to agree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated. Groveton's honor code replaced a system in which teachers closely monitored students. Under that system, teachers reported an average of thirty cases of cheating per year. The honor code has proven far more successful: in the first year it was in place, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen. Moreover, in a recent survey, a majority of Groveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without. Such evidence suggests that all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes similar to Groveton's. This change is sure to result in a dramatic decline in cheating among college students.
前些年，Groveton College采用了一种学术诚信机制，它要求学生同意在学业中不作弊，并且当他们怀疑别人作弊的时候通知老师。Groveton的诚信制度代替了原有的学生被老师严密监视的老体制。在老体制中平均每年有30起作弊被上报。新的诚信体制更加有效：在实施的第一年，学生上报了21起作弊事件;五年后，这一数值下降到了14起。而且，在最近一次调查中，大部分学生说有了诚信制度他们更加不太可能作弊。 以上数据表明所有的大中专院校都应该采取类似Groveton College的诚信体制。这一变化无疑将大大减少大学生的作弊行为。
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.