对于
题库33题
The following appeared in the editorial section of a West Cambria newspaper:
“A recent review of the West Cambria volunteer ambulance service revealed a longer average response time to accidents than was reported by a commercial ambulance squad located in East Cambria. In order to provide better patient care for accident victims and to raise revenue for our town by collecting service fees for ambulance use, we should disband our volunteer service and hire a commercial ambulance service.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
只从反应时间一个指标不能反映护理质量，还有其他因素影响。
题库42 重点
The following appeared in the opinion section of a national newsmagazine:
“To reverse the deterioration of the postal service, the government should raise the price of postage stamps. This solution will no doubt prove effective, since the price increase will generate larger revenues and will also reduce the volume of mail, thereby eliminating the strain on the existing system and contributing to improved morale.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
题库47题
The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a local newspaper:
“The owners of the Cumquat Café evidently made a good business decision in moving to a new location, as can be seen from the fact that the Café will soon celebrate its second anniversary there. Moreover, it appears that businesses are not likely to succeed at the old location: since the Café’s move, three different businesses—a tanning salon, an antique emporium, and a pet-grooming shop—have occupied its former spot.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
a. The argument assumes too hastily that ____will necessarily result in the behavior that the argument predicts. Perhaps,_____. Moreover,____.
b. The fact that A is not sufficient for the prediction that B .
(2)Necessary Condition 如果没有A发生，B就发生不了。
攻击：如果没有A发生，B一样会发生，因为有其他因素导致B发生。
题库41题
The following appeared as part of an article in a trade publication:
“Stronger laws are needed to protect new kinds of home-security systems from being copied and sold by imitators.
With such protection, manufacturers will naturally invest in the development of new home-security products and production technologies. Without stronger laws, therefore, manufacturers will cut back on investment. From this will follow a corresponding decline not only in product quality and marketability, but also in production efficiency, and thus ultimately a loss of manufacturing jobs in the industry.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
正反论证法：有何没有该条件都会导致某种情况发生。这是issue文章常用。
The editor’s recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors other than A caused B . However, common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one. A myriad of other factors, including ___or ____, might just as likely be the cause of B . To be specific,_____. Without ruling out these and other possible causes, the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by ____ can____.
3.Cause and Effect Fallacies
(1) Non sequitur
The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that ____and the claim that____. This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events. Perhaps, for example, ____results from_____.
(2) Post hoc, ergo proper hoc (after this, therefore because of this)
Based on the fact that ____ occurred after _____, the editor infers that ____should be responsible for _____. However, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that earlier development caused the later one. I might have resulted from some other events instead: ____________----to just a few possibilities. Without ruling out scenarios such as these, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between______ and _______ upon which editor’s the recommendation depends.
(3) Concurrence
The argument observes a correlation between A and B , then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter. However, the argument fails to rule out other possible explanations for A or B . For example, _____. Any of these factors might lead to B . Without ruling out all other factors it is unfair to conclude that A is responsible for B.
(4) Confuse the cause and effect
It is possible that the mayor has confused cause with effect respecting the recent developments in Ocean View. Perhaps A was a response to B. Since the mayor has failed to account for this possibility, the claim that _____ is completely unwarranted.
4.Changing Scope Fallacies
(1)Different concepts
A threshold problem involves the definition of A . The arguer fails to define this critical term. If A is defined as B , then how C , is irrelevant to whether____. In short, without a clear definition of A , it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.
(2)What is true for a member is also true for the group
The argument resets on the assumption that 个体案例 typify nationwide 整体情况. If this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that 在另一个地方，上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况 Thus, lacking more marketing information about ____ nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memo’s recommendation.
(3)Assuming that characteristics of a group apply to each group member
One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide (characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group) statistics about _____ applies equally to 个体成员， Yet this might not be the case, for a variety of possible reasons. Perhaps ______; or perhaps ______ . Without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that _____.