托福写作中需要避免的九个小错误

2022-05-28 11:44:39

  

  1、不一致(Disagreements)

  所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。

  例:When one have money,he can do what he want to.(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么。)

  剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has; 同理,want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。

  改为:Once one has money,he can do what he wants (to do).

  2、修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)

  英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化。对于这一点中国学生往往没有足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解。

  例:I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.

  剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末。

  3、句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)

  在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。

  例: There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on.

  剖析:本句后半部分“for example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句。

  改为:There are many ways to know society,for example,by TV,radio,and newspaper.

  4、悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)

  所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。

  例:To do well in college,good grades are essential.

  剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚。

  改为:To do well in college, a student needs good grades.

  5、词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)

  “词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等。

  例: None can negative the importance of money.

  剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。

  改为:None can deny the importance of money.

  6、指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)

  指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。

  例:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.

  剖析:读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。

  改为:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.

  7、措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)

  Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,现在考生作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。

  例:The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution。

  剖析:显然,考生把obstacles“障碍”,“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。

  8、累赘(Redundancy)

  言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。

  例: For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need。

  剖析:整个句子可以大大简化。

  改为:Diligent,caring people use money only to buy what they need。

  9、不连贯(Incoherence)

  不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。

  例: The fresh water,it is the most important things of the earth。

  剖析:The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。

  改为:Fresh water is the mostimportant thing in the world。

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