DELTA冲刺试题
TEST 4
The philosophy of realism promotes the idea of a universe that we can observe scientifically and understand objectively. The central idea of realism is that reality, knowledge, and facts are independent of the human mind. The real objects of the universe —stones, trees, and animals—exist whether or not there is a human mind to know them.
Realists believe that anything that exists can be measured scientifically. Philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell believed that reason, logic, and the methods of science could be used to build a precise philosophy of reality. Russell felt that the universe is characterized by patterns that can be analyzed scientifically and verified mathematically. He believed that only science could claim to be real knowledge. According to Russell, we can get two types of data on reality: hard data and soft data. Hard data are the facts of the situation, facts that can withstand measurement and analysis. Soft data arc such things as beliefs, passions, and emotions, which we can neither prove nor deny with certainty. Russell based his philosophy more on hard data that can be proven and less on soft data that are more difficult to Prove. He argued that we should not believe something is real if it is based on soft data. Something is real only if hard data exist to support it.
Russell hoped that by using the methods of science, we could begin to solve large human problems such as poverty. He believed in knowledge and education as the keys to a better world. According to Russell, if we applied realist philosophy and scientific methods to education, we would achieve excellence in education, and ultimately we could eliminate problems such as poverty and create an ideal society.
Question:
Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they contradict specific points made in the reading passage.
1. 阅读要点概括
Key point 1: Beliefs, passions, and emotions are soft data, which we can not prove with certainty.
Key point 2: Anything that exists can be measured scientifically and verified mathematically.
Key point 3: Realist philosophy and scientific methods can achieve excellence in education.
Key point 4: Realism and scientific methods can lead us to the creation of an ideal society.
2. 听力要点概括
Key point 1: The philosophy of realism ignores passion, emotion, and feeling, which are parts of the total human experience.
Key point 2: Passions, feelings, and the psychological causes of poverty cannot be measured scientifically or reduced to mathematics.
Key point 3: Realism has led to an educational system based on standardized tests, which dehumanize people because they do not respect passion, emotion, and feeling.
Key point 4: The realist ideal of our technological society shows little respect for the unity of knowledge, mentioning that scientists might work on biological weapons without knowing it.
版权声明：本文系网独家稿件，版权为网所有。转载须注明来源及作者，否则必将追究法律责任。
微信扫描下方二维码，第一时间知晓托福考试真题预测及解析，还有北美留学最新动态喔~(微信号：toefl120)!