GMAT ARGUMENT写作题纲解读第四部分!大家都知道
22. The following appeared in the editorial section of a newspaper.
“As public concern over drug abuse has increased, authorities have become more vigilant in their efforts to prevent illegal drugs from entering the country. Many drug traffickers have consequently switched from marijuana, which is bulky, or heroin, which has a market too small to justify the risk of severe punishment, to cocaine. Thus enforcement efforts have ironically resulted in an observed increase in the illegal use of cocaine.”
由于公众对滥用药物的情况越来越关注，权威人士更警惕地防止非法药物进入国内。许多毒贩子已经从大体积的大麻和市场太小因而风险很高的海洛因转向了可卡因。。
1.,而不一定有因果关系.
2.即便毒贩转向运进可卡因,但是吸毒者也不一定就一定能转变他们吸毒的对象.
3..即使可卡因的使用确实增加了但是其他两种的使用却减少了,.
In the second place, the author assumes that an increase in the supply of cocaine is sufficient to bring about an increase in its use. While this is a tempting assumption, it is a problematic one. The presumption required to substantiate this view is that drugs users are not particular about which drugs they use, so that if marijuana and heroin are not available, they will switch to whatever drug available--cocaine in this case. The assumption does not seem reasonable on its face. Marijuana, heroin, and cocaine are not alike in their effects on users, nor are they alike in the manner in which they are ingested or in their addictive properties. This view that drug user's choice of drugs is simply a function of supply overlooks these important differences.
vigilant警惕的 vigilance alert drug traffickers贸易者商人干非法勾当的人
consequently consequent consequence marijuana heroin enforcement enforce implement ironically ironic cocaine the conclusion is on the ground that ...
trafficker presumably reasoning inadvertently advertently advertent intentional intentionally unintentional unintentionally flaw defect deficiency precedent precede predecessor preceding
thus leaving open the possibility that the two events are not causally related but merely correlated
23. The following appeared in a speech delivered by a member of the city council.
“Twenty years ago, only half of the students who graduated from Einstein High School went on to attend a college or university. Today, two thirds of the students who graduate from Einstein do so. Clearly, Einstein has improved its educational effectiveness over the past two decades. This improvement has occurred despite the fact that the school’s funding, when adjusted for inflation, is about the same as it was twenty years ago. Theremfore, we do not need to make any substantial increase in the school’s funding at this tie.”
20年前，einstein高中的毕业生只有一半继续上大学。现在他们有2/3的学生这样做了。很明显，在过去的20年里einstein提高了她的教学质量。尽管由于通货膨胀的影响，学校的资金和20年前一本一致，这一提高还是发生了。因此，我们不需要在现在实质性地提高学校的资金。
1.教学质量高低衡量标准不能仅仅以升学率.还要看学生的综合素质,其他的学术成果,动手能力,创造力等各个方面的表现.
2.升学率提高也不一定就是教学质量提高造成的.有可能国家或州本身的趋势就是这样的,相比之下该高中的提高可能还比较低.也有可能是该地区的高级中学减少而大学增多.
3.就算教学质量真的提高了也不能说提高资金供给是无用的.教学质量的提高很可能和学校自筹资金校友援助有很大关系.还有一种可能就是该校的总学生数减少,使得教学水平提高即如果增大资金投入,教学质量可能会有更大的提高.rise increase upsurge急剧的升高vague ambiguous obscure equivocal implicit obvious apparent evident unambiguous unequivocall statistic synonymous synonym antonym antonymous clarify clarification desirable quality compelling remarkable spectacular assessment evaluation adequate inadequate adequacy inadequacy
24. The following appeared in a memo from the customer service division to the manager of Mammon Savings and Loan.
“We believe that improved customer service is the best way for us to differentiate ourselves from competitors and attract new customers. We can offer our customers better service by reducing waiting time in teller lines from an average of six minutes to an average of three. By opening for business at 8:30 instead of 9:00, and by remaining open for an additional hour beyond our current closing time, we will be better able to accommodate the busy schedules of our customers. These changes will enhance our bank’s image as the most customer-friendly bank in town and give us the edge over our competition.” Mammon借贷的客服部门给经理的备忘录：
我们相信提高客服质量是把我们公司和竞争者区分开并吸引新的客户的最好方法。我们可以通过将平均6分钟的出纳队伍等待时间减少为平均3分钟来提供更好的服务。通过在8点半而非9点开始营业，通过比现在的时间晚一小时关门，我们可以更好的调节顾客的紧张的日程。这些改变回提升我们银行的形象为本镇对客户最友好的银行，并使我们超越我们的竞争者。
1.作者假定该银行和其他银行在其他方面都是相类似的，只有通过改善客户服务质量才能使自己和其他银行相区分，并且吸引新客户。但是很有可能在很多别的地方该银行和它的竞争者也是有区别的。例如：地理位置，提供的金融产品，规模，声誉，分支银行个数。
2.所提供的改善是否一定可以区分该银行和其他银行也不是定数.也许其他银行早就按所提出的方式提供服务,或者有潜在的打算.而且小镇的居民的生活习惯也可能使得这种改变事实上没有什么实际意义.
3.改变的成本和它的收益需要仔细的考虑.而且这有可能会影响原本使得该银行具有吸引力的特性.
differentiate competitor teller conveniently convenient attraction attractive attract sufficiently sufficient distinguish competitor competition compete necessarily feature
25. The following appeared as part of an article in a magazine on lifestyles.
“Two years ago, City L was listed 14th in an annual survey that ranks cities according to the quality of life that can be enjoyed by those living in them. This information will enable people who are moving to the state in which City L is located to confidently identify one place, at least, where schools are good, housing is affordable, people are friendly, the environment is safe, and the arts flourish.”
两年前，L城在城市居民生活质量的年度调查中排名14。这一信息有助于移居到L城所在州的人们确信地找到一个地方，那里至少是有好的学校，可承受的住房，友善的人，安全的环境和繁荣的艺术。
1.有多少城市参加调查?
2.有那些指标是作为依据来给城市排名的?
3.该调查是两年之前进行的,这其中有很多变数.
4.综合排名比较靠前也不能说明就一定可以给人们一个确信的选择.因为它可能某些方面特别突出而某些方面又十分薄弱.就每个个人而言,需求都不尽相同.
as it stands indicate characteristic character individual criteria criterion ranking survey opinion poll questionnaire warrant warranted outdoor open air ,and vice versa fiscal overall elapse adequately adequate adequacy inadequate inadequacy assess
26. The following appeared in a memorandum from a member of a financial management and consulting firm.
“We have learned from an employee of Windfall, Ltd., that its accounting department, by checking about ten percent of the last month’s purchasing invoices for errors and inconsistencies, saved the company some $10,000 in overpayments. In order to help our clients increase their net gains, we should advise each of them to institute a policy of checking all purchasing invoices for errors. Such a recommendation could also help us get the Windfall account by demonstrating to Windfall the rigorousness of our methods.”
一家财经管理咨询公司的成员(合伙人?member)的备忘录：
我们从Windfall,ltd的员工那里得知，他的会计部门发现上个月的交易清单有10%有错误和矛盾，给公司节省了10000元的额外支出。为了帮助我们的客户提高他们的纯利润，我们应该建议他们设立检查所有交易清单错误的机制。这一建议也可以帮助我们通过向windfall展示我们的方法的严厉性获得windfall的账目(?get windfall account,不懂)
1.该交易清单错误可能仅仅是由于这个月windfall.ltd的会计人员一时的粗心等特殊原因造成的并不代表共性问题。
2.负责审核的人同样会犯错误并不一定可以把错误找出来.
3.就算可以找出来并且为公司挽回经济损失,但审计也是有成本的.所得是否一定会大于成本这是不一定的.
invoice 发票 error inconsistency intentionally unconscious necessarily ignore indicate indication
27. The following appeared in a newspaper editorial.
“As violence in movies increases, so do crime rates in our cities. To combat this problem we must establish a board to censor certain movies, or we must limit admission to persons over 21 years of age. Apparently our legislators are not concerned about this issue since a bill calling for such actions recently failed to receive a majority vote.”
由于电影中的暴力增加，我们的城市中的犯罪也增加了。为了和这个问题斗争，我们必须建立委员会来审查特定的电影，或者我们必须限制对21岁以上的人的入场资格。很明显我们的立法机构并不关心这件事，因为最近的一个要求采取这种行动的法案没有获得多数。
1.仅仅因为电影中的暴力和城市中的犯罪有同步上升的趋势就认定,后者是前者的原因是不正确的.
2.作者所提供的解决途径也显得比较无效而不容易被接受.因为显然并不是只有21岁以下的青少年犯罪导致了犯罪的增加所以这个解决方案显然不是十分合理.也就不能因为这个方案没有被认可就认为立法机构对这件事不够重视.
formative period correlation author combat crime prohibit legislator legislation alternative concern crime unconvincing critical solution a mere positive correlation between ... and ... is insufficient to support the claim. causal relationship prospective prospect perspective as it stands oversimplified
28. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.
“Commuter use of the new subway train is exceeding the transit company’s projections. However, commuter use of the shuttle buses that transport people to the subway stations is below the projected volume. If the transit company expects commuters to ride the shuttle buses to the subway rather than drive there, it must either reduce the shuttle bus fares or increase the price of parking at the subway stations.”通勤者对新的地下铁的使用超过了运输公司的设计方案。但是，通勤者对运送人们去地铁站的往返巴士使用低于设计容量。如果运输公司希望通勤者乘往返巴士而不是开车去地铁站，他们必须或者降低巴士车费，或者提高地铁站的停车费。
1.对原因估计的可能不对.由作者给出的他认为必须执行的解决方案来看,作者一定认为人们不坐往返巴士而是开车去地铁站的原因是巴士车费相对于地铁站的停车费来说比较贵.To begin with, by concluding that the transit company must either reduce shuttle fares or increase parking fees, the author assumes that these are the only available solutions to the problem of limited shuttle use.但事实原因可能还有很多.例如:巴士的环境不好速度比较慢中间间隔时间太长车站位置不好等等.
2.相应的作者所提出的两个必须要执行的解决方案也就不一定实用.应对于上述提到的问题可能一个比较好的解决方案是:对巴士进行装修把车站设置在更为便利的地方提高巴士的车速缩短时间间隔.
inconvenient shuttle routing and/or scheduling adjust adopt mutually exclusive combination
The author assumes that reducing shuttle fees and increasing parking fees are mutually exclusive alternatives. impose However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either/or choice.
29. The following was excerpted from the speech of a spokesperson for Synthetic Farm Products, Inc.
“Many farmers who invested in the equipment needed to make the switch from synthetic to organic fertilizers and pesticides feel that it would be too expensive to resume synthetic farming at this point. But studies of farmers who switched to organic farming last year indicate that their current crop yields are lower. Hence their purchase of organic farming equipment, a relatively minor investment compared to the losses that would result from continued lower crop yields, cannot justify persisting on an unwise course. And the choice to farm organically is financially unwise, given that it was motivated by environmental rather than economic concerns.”
人造农庄产品公司的发言人的讲话：
许多农民投资了需要从合成转向有机肥料和杀虫剂的设备，他们感觉现在再恢复合成农业太昂贵了。但去年对转向有机农业的农民的研究显示他们现在的农作物产量变低了。因此他们对有机农业设备的购买费用(这笔费用比之从连续的减产中受到的损失只是一笔小的投资)不能作为坚持一个不明智行动的理由。选择有机农业的理由从经济上讲是不明智的，它是由环保而非经济利益所激发的。
1.去年使用有机肥料的农民减产了.但是作者并没有证明减产是由于使用有机肥料造成的.很可能由于气候问题去年全部的粮食都减产了.没有把使用有机和合成肥料的农民的产量进行对比就得到这样的结论是不正确的.此外,并没有给出该研究是由谁进行的怎么进行的该结论本身就有问题.
2.即使使用有机肥料比使用合成肥料减产这也有可能是由于农民刚刚使用有机肥料对它不熟悉在长期很可能是有机肥料的产量高.
3.即使有机肥料确实会造成减产作者也不应该断言其经济收益就一定会比合成肥料高.例如:从长期看用有机肥料对土壤营养成分的流失有抑制作用.而用有机肥料生产的农作物也可能更受欢迎价格更高.
soil nutrition depletion organic farming resume synthetic farming financially switch crop yield yell low yeild short-sighted
30. The following appeared in a newspaper story giving advice about investments.
“As overall life expectancy continues to rise, the population of our country is growing increasingly older. For example, over twenty percent of the residents of one of our more populated regions are now at least 65 years old, and occupancy rates at resort hotels in that region declined significantly during the past six months. Because of these two related trends, a prudent investor would be well advised to sell interest in hotels and invest in hospitals and nursing homes instead.”由于生命期望值普遍增长，我国的人口趋向于老龄化。比如，我们的一个人口稠密地区有超过20%的人年龄超过65岁，而该地度假旅馆的入住率在最近的6个月内显著下降。因为这两个趋势，建议谨慎的投资者卖出饭店的股份转向投资医院和家庭看护。
1.该匿名的人口稠密地区是不是可以代表全国的情况是不确定的。比如如果这个地区是florida那该结果很明显是靠不住的。因为拂洲本来就有不成比例的且高于平均水平的老龄人口。而且该周的冬季为旅游旺季，如果该入住率是在夏季调查的则显然不可以代表整个国家的水平。
2。人口老龄化和入住率降低很可能只是碰巧同时发生。没有理由证明这两点具有因果关系。
prudent imprudent occupancy as grounds for one's advice illustrate refer to in general as a whole warrant insufficient sufficient unnamed anonymous representative For example, if the region from which the date was gathered was Florida, it would clearly be unrepresentative. The reason for this is abvious. Florida is populated by a disproportionate number of retired people over 65 years old and is very popular vacation destination during the winter months. Moreover, resort hotel occupancy in Florida typically declines significantly during the summer months.