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19. The following appeared as part of an article in the travel section of a newspaper.
“Over the past decade, the restaurant industry in the country of Spiessa has experienced unprecedented growth. This surge can be expected to continue in the coming years, fueled by recent social changes: personal incomes are rising, more leisure time is available, single-person households are more common, and people have a greater interest in gourmet food, as evidenced by a proliferation of publications on the subject.”
报纸旅游版上的文章的部分：
过去的10年中，Spiessa国的餐馆工业经历了前所未有的增长。预计由于一下原因，这一增长在未来几年仍将继续：个人收入增加，休闲时间增加，单身家庭更普遍，还有人们对美食更感兴趣(就像相关出版物增长所显示的那样)。
一.增长将持续下去是没有保证的.因为即使由于经济繁荣人们对美食更感兴趣,一个地区的人口能够支持的餐馆数量也是有上限的.
二.给出的人们会更多的去餐馆吃饭的理由是没有保障的,如:更多的休闲时间人们可能会在自己家里做美食;个人收入和通货膨胀哪个来的更高?单身家庭增加,但没有提供单身比结婚的人更容易去餐馆吃饭的依据.
三.即使人们更想去餐馆吃饭,但是政策条件的变化同样可以抵消需求增加带来的正面影响.
surge additional leisure household optimistic gourmet美食 prediction questionable assumption dubious assumption restaurant favorable economic accommodate sustain unprecedented空前的 economic circumstance restaurant unwarranted stifle reverse
20. The following appeared in an article in a health and fitness magazine.
“Laboratory studies show that Saluda Natural Spring Water contains several of the minerals necessary for good health and that it is completely free of bacteria. Residents of Saluda, the small town where the water is bottled, are hospitalized less frequently than the national average. Even though Saluda Natural Spring Water may seem expensive, drinking it instead of tap water is a wise investment in good health.”
关于健康和舒适的杂志上的文章：
实验室的研究显示Saluda自然泉水包含有益健康的几种矿物质且完全无菌。灌装此水的小镇Saluda的居民比平均水平的就医率要低，虽然saluda自然泉水可能看起来很贵，喝它而非自来水是一项对健康的明智投资。
1.小镇居民就医率低可能还有很多其他的因素如：健康的生活方式，自然环境优越，饮食结构科学。
2.该矿泉水所含的矿物质是否有别与普通的自来水作者并没有给出支撑的论据.而且单纯这几种矿物质不一定能满足人体需要.
3.完全无菌并不一定对人体十分有好处,水体里的一些细菌是有益的.此外喝这种矿泉水显然不是摄取无菌水 的唯一途径,相比起来一种比较廉价的方式就是把水烧开.
tap water hospitalize resident numerous varied contamination contaminate mineral vitamin omit bacteria virus versus boil water up
21. The following appeared as part of an editorial in an industry newsletter.
“While trucking companies that deliver goods pay only a portion of highway maintenance costs and no property tax on the highways they use, railways spend billions per year maintaining and upgrading their facilities. The government should lower the railroad companies’ property taxes, since sending goods by rail is clearly a more appropriate mode of ground transportation than highway shipping. For one thing, trains consume only a third of the fuel a truck would use to carry the same load, making them a more cost-effective and environmentally sound mode of transport. Furthermore, since rail lines already exist, increases in rail traffic would not require building new lines at the expense of taxpaying citizens.”
一份工业实事通讯的社论：
当运货汽车公司只支付部分高速公路保养费，不支付他们使用的公路的财产税就运送货物的时候，铁路每年花费数亿元用于维护和升级他们的设备。政府应该降低铁路公司的财产税，因为通过铁路运送货物和高速公路运送相比显然是一种更合适的陆运方式。运送相同的货物火车所用燃料相当于货运汽车的1/3这一点就使它成为更高效更符合环境需求的运输方式。进一步的，由于铁路线已经存在，铁路运输的增加不需要用纳税人的钱修建新的线路。
1.作者对两种运送货物的形式做了不恰当的比较.因为铁路公司是铁路的唯一使用者所以它们当然应该承担所有的维护和升级费用.而运货汽车公司只是使用高速公路的使用者之一当然不应当承担全部的费用.
2.作者对财产税有扭曲的理解.财产税就应该是按照财产规模相应地收取.对环保的促进作用,应该从其他的方面反映,否则将扭曲财产税应该起到的作用.
3.作者说铁路明显是比汽车货运更好的运输方式这显然是错的.因为汽车货运显然会更灵活.短途运输时候选择汽车货运更有效率也更经济.而且由于地形经济发展状况等条件的制约并不是所有的地区都有火车站,这也会带来一定程度的不方便.
conclusion editorial government property taxes upgrade facility cost-effective environment environmental environmentally misleading comparison truck company expenditure warehouse maintenance 管理费用overhead expenses distribute highlight ambiguous ambiguity appropriate prudent prudence imprudent furniture confusion equivocal意义不明确模陵两可的