91. The following is taken from an editorial in a local newspaper.
"Over the past decade, the price per pound of citrus fruit has increased substantially. Eleven years ago, Megamart charged 5 cents apiece for lemons, but today it commonly charges over 30 cents apiece. In only one of these last eleven years was the weather unfavorable for growing citrus crops. Evidently, then, citrus growers have been responsible for the excessive increase in the price of citrus fruit, and strict pricing regulations are needed to prevent them from continuing to inflate prices."
1insufficient sample: a general conclusion is drawn from only kind of all the citrus.
2other factors other than weather and monopoly power should be considered and ruled out.
3Thus it is reckless to implement pricing regulations on the citrus growers.
92. The following appeared as part of an article in a local newspaper.
"Over the past three years the tartfish industry has changed markedly: fishing technology has improved significantly, and the demand for tartfish has grown in both domestic and foreign markets. As this trend continues, the tartfish industry on Shrimp Island can expect to experience the same over-fishing problems that are already occurring with mainland fishing industries: without restrictions on fishing, fishers see no reason to limit their individual catches. As the catches get bigger, the tartfish population will be dangerously depleted while the surplus of tartfish will devalue the catch for fishers. Government regulation is the only answer: tartfish-fishing should be allowed only during the three-month summer season, when tartfish reproduce and thus are most numerous, rather than throughout the year."
1false analogy
2Bigger catches will not necessarily devalue the catch of fish, if the domestic and foreign markets increase dramatically.
3Government regulation is not the only method.
4The proposed government regulation will counter its target to protect the tartfish.
1岛上的捕渔业可能方兴未艾正是应该用科学的方法和适度的政策大力促进的阶段
2岛上的情况和mainland的情况没有可比性。很可能岛上民风淳朴和自然和谐相处很注意生态的维护，不需要硬性的政策规定，或者说政策不是唯一方法
3这个建议正好说反了应该是伏期禁渔让它们有繁殖休养生息的机会
93. The following appeared in a proposal from the development office at Platonic University.
"Because Platonic University has had difficulty in meeting its expenses over the past three years, we need to find new ways to increase revenues. We should consider following the example of Greene University, which recently renamed itself after a donor who gave it $100 million. If Platonic University were to advertise to its alumni and other wealthy people that it will rename either individual buildings or the entire university itself after the donors who give the most money, the amount of donations would undoubtedly increase."
1gratuitous assumption: Without a comprehensive analysis of the financial situation, it is impossible to find the solution. The author bases his argument on the assumption that the revenue is not enough. However, it is likely that the deficit is caused by excessive cost.
2false analogy
3all things are equal
4The proposed solution can only solve current problems. what if all the buildings have been named after the donors?
94. The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a local newspaper.
"Hippocrene Plumbing Supply recently opened a wholesale outlet in the location once occupied by the Cumquat Café Restaurant. Hippocrene has apparently been quite successful there because it is planning to open a large outlet in a nearby city. But the Cumquat Café, one year after moving to its new location, has seen its volume of business drop somewhat from the previous year's. Clearly, the former site is a better business location, and the Cumquat Café has made a mistake in moving to its new address."
1gratuitous assumption: It is absurd to say the Hippocrene has been quite successful in the original location of Cumquat Café Restaurant only because the former is planning to open a large outlet in a nearby city.
2false analogy
3causal oversimplification: Other factors other than the location that may contribute to the success of the H and the failure of the C should be considered and ruled out.
95. The following appeared in a memorandum from the manager of KMTV, a television station.
"Applications for advertising spots on KMTV, our local cable television channel, decreased last year. Meanwhile a neighboring town's local channel, KOOP, changed its focus to farming issues and reported an increase in advertising applications for the year. To increase applications for advertising spots, KMTV should focus its programming on farming issues as well."
1causal oversimplification
2false analogy
3all things are equal
97. The following was excerpted from an article in a farming trade publication.
"Farmers who switched from synthetic to organic farming last year have seen their crop yields decline. Many of these farmers feel that it would be too expensive to resume synthetic farming at this point, given the money that they invested in organic farming supplies and equipment. But their investments will be relatively minor compared to the losses from continued lower crop yields. Organic farmers should switch to synthetic farming rather than persist in an unwise course. And the choice to farm organically is financially unwise, given that it was motivated by environmental rather than economic concerns."
1No evidence can support the author's assertion that the switch from synthetic to organic farming was only motivated by environmental rather than economic concerns. It is likely that the organic vegetables and fruits are much more expensive than the synthetic ones.
2all things are equal
3There are many other reasons that can explain why the farmers do not to switch to synthetic farming.
98. The following appeared in a letter to prospective students from the admissions office at Plateau College.
"Every person who earned an advanced degree in science or engineering from Olympus University last year received numerous offers of excellent jobs. Typically, many of the Plateau College graduates who want to pursue an advanced degree have gone on to Olympus. Therefore, enrolling as an undergraduate at Plateau College is a wise choice for students who wish to ensure success in their careers."
1insufficient sample The situation of some majors can not represent the who university.
2all things are equal
3Until the comparison between the Plateau College and other comparable colleges is given, no conclusion can be drawn.
99. The following appeared in a memorandum sent by a vice-president of the Nadir Company to the company's human resources department.
"Nadir does not need to adopt the costly 'family-friendly' programs that have been proposed, such as part-time work, work at home, and job-sharing. When these programs were made available at the Summit Company, the leader in its industry, only a small percentage of employees participated in them. Rather than adversely affecting our profitability by offering these programs, we should concentrate on offering extensive training that will enable employees to increase their productivity."
1false analogy
2It is imprudent to say the "family-friendly" programs are costly and not profitable.
3Likewise, it is also imprudent to say the "family-friendly" programs are counterproductive.
4either-or-choice
103. 已被ETS删除。
100. The following appeared as part of an article in a trade magazine for breweries.
"Magic Hat Brewery recently released the results of a survey of visitors to its tasting room last year. Magic Hat reports that the majority of visitors asked to taste its low-calorie beers. To boost sales, other small breweries should brew low-calorie beers as well."
1survey is doubtful.
2insufficient sample
3all things are equal
4gratuitous assumption要尝的那种不一定就想买的那种
101. The following appeared in an editorial from a newspaper serving the town of Saluda.
"The Saluda Consolidated High School offers over 200 different courses from which its students can choose. A much smaller private school down the street offers a basic curriculum of only 80 different courses, but it consistently sends a higher proportion of its graduating seniors on to college than Consolidated does. By eliminating at least half of the courses offered there and focusing on a basic curriculum, we could improve student performance at Consolidated and also save many tax dollars."
1causal oversimplification
2false analogy
3It is likely that the smaller private school is incapable of offering more courses, or else its students can have better performance.
102. The following appeared as part of a business plan by the Capital Idea Investment firm.
"Currently more and more books are becoming available in electronic form - either free of charge on the Internet or for a very low price per book on CD-ROM.* People who would not pay bookstore prices will now have access to whatever book they want from their home or work computers. Consequently, literary classics are likely to be read more widely than ever before: 72 percent of those responding to a recent online survey said they would read books in electronic form, and 81 percent said they believed that reading classic works was important. Given this newly developing market, we should invest in E-Classics, a new company that sells electronic versions of literary classics."
*A CD-ROM is a small portable disc capable of storing relatively large amounts of data that can be read by a computer.
1More accesses to cheaper books do not necessarily guarantee the desire to read classics.
2the survey is doubtful
3It is hard to make profit when there are so many E-books available on the net.
103. The following appeared as an editorial in a magazine concerned with educational issues.
"In our country, the real earnings of men who have only a high-school degree have decreased significantly over the past fifteen years, but those of male college graduates have remained about the same. Therefore, the key to improving the earnings of the next generation of workers is to send all students to college. Our country's most important educational goal, then, should be to establish enough colleges and universities to accommodate all high school graduates."
1all things are equal
2Other factors that may contribute to the increase of citizen's earnings should be considered.
3The author overlooks the situation of women.
4大学生多了竞争也多了，还会赚那么多钱吗?
104. The following appeared as part of a business plan created by the management of the Take Heart Fitness Center.
"After opening the new swimming pool early last summer, Take Heart saw a 12 percent increase in the use of the center by members. Therefore, in order to increase the number of our members and thus our revenues, which depend on membership fees, we should continue to add new recreational facilities in subsequent years: for example, a multipurpose game room, a tennis court, and a miniature golf course. Being the only center in the area offering this range of activities would give us a competitive advantage in the health and recreation market."
1causal oversimplification
2a benefit-cost analysis should be given
3Whether the proposed recreational facilities are popular among the people of this area is unknown.
105. The following appeared in a letter from a staff member in the office of admissions at Argent University.
"The most recent nationwide surveys show that undergraduates choose their major field primarily based on their perception of job prospects in that field. At our university, economics is now the most popular major, so students must perceive this field as having the best job prospects. Therefore, we can increase our enrollment if we focus our advertising and recruiting on publicizing the accomplishments of our best-known economics professors and the success of our economics graduates in finding employment."
1The survey is doubtful.
2The current students can not represent the prospective students.
3all things are equal
4Therefore, the proposal is groundless. Other things should be done to increase the enrollment.
106. The following appeared as part of a memorandum from the loan department of the Frostbite National Bank.
"We should not approve the business loan application of the local group that wants to open a franchise outlet for the Kool Kone chain of ice cream parlors. Frostbite is known for its cold winters, and cold weather can mean slow ice cream sales. For example, even though Frostbite is a town of 10,000 people, it has only one ice cream spot - the Frigid Cow. Despite the lack of competition, the Frigid Cow's net revenues fell by 10 percent last winter."
1Other factors in deciding whether to give loan to a company such as the credit of the company should be considered.
2Admittedly, the former and prospective performance of the company is also important when the bank have to make decision of whether or not should it give loan to a company. However, the author of the memorandum show no sufficient evidence to support his or her proposal that the bank should not give loan to Kool Kone chain of ice cream parlors.
3The statistics last year does not necessarily denote the future trend.