16. The following appeared as part of an article in the education section of a Waymarsh City newspaper.
"Throughout the last two decades, those who earned graduate degrees found it very difficult to get jobs teaching their academic specialties at the college level. Those with graduate degrees from Waymarsh University had an especially hard time finding such jobs. But better times are coming in the next decade for all academic job seekers, including those from Waymarsh. Demographic trends indicate that an increasing number of people will be reaching college age over the next ten years; consequently, we can expect that the job market will improve dramatically for people seeking college-level teaching positions in their fields.
Waymarsh城日报教育版的一篇文章：
过去的20年内，研究生毕业生发现找到在大学教授他们的学术专长的工作是很困难的。那些从Waymarsh获得研究生学位的要找到这类工作尤其困难。但在下个10年，寻找学术工作的人(包括那些Waymarsh大学的)的好日子要来了。人口统计趋势显示达到上大学年龄的人将在未来10年增加。我们可预期对那些在他们的领域寻找大学教学工作的人来说，工作市场将显著增大。
1.适龄人口增加不一定上大学人数就一定增加
2.就算上大学人数增加需要的大学老师也不一定增加
3.就算需要的老师增加,waymarsh的就业也不见得会水涨船高.
demographic indicate college-aged predict prediction academic academy discipline principle discipline especially problematic reasonable depression nullify
While this is a reasonable assumption, it is by no means a certainty.
portend预示These trends portend better times ahead for waymarsh graduates.
preceding following enrollment speciality dispropotional
find it more difficult, if not impossible
Consequently, persons trained in some fields might find it more difficult, if not impossible, to find teaching jobs in the future.
foretell portend predict employability prospect perspective prospective assess
17. The following appeared in an article in a consumer-products magazine.
"Two of today's best-selling brands of full-strength prescription medication for the relief of excess stomach acid, Acid-Ease and Pepticaid, are now available in milder nonprescription forms. Doctors have written 76 million more prescriptions for full-strength Acid-Ease than for full-strength Pepticaid. So people who need an effective but milder nonprescription medication for the relief of excess stomach acid should choose Acid-Ease."
消费者产品杂志上的文章：
两种现在最好卖的消除过多胃酸的全效处方药Acid-Ease和Pepticaid现在出现在了较温和的非处方药清单上。医生给全效Acid-Ease比给全效Pepticaid多开了76000000张处方。所以需要有效但较温和的非处方药来消除过多胃酸的人应该选择Acid-Ease。
1.作为全效处方药卖的时候卖的好不代表作为较温和的处方药疗效就好
2.医生开的药多不一定就证明效果更好.可能是投放市场时间长,给的免费使用机会多,比较便宜
recommend sth over sth relief stomach acid non-prescription prescription full-strength prescription relevant analogous analogy effectiveness
18. The following is an excerpt from a memo written by the head of a governmental department.
"Neither stronger ethics regulations nor stronger enforcement mechanisms are necessary to ensure ethical behavior by companies doing business with this department. We already have a code of ethics that companies doing business with this department are urged to abide by, and virtually all of these companies have agreed to follow it. We also know that the code is relevant to the current business environment because it was approved within the last year, and in direct response to specific violations committed by companies with which we were then working-not in abstract anticipation of potential violations, as so many such codes are."
政府部门领导所写备忘录的摘录：
我们既不需要更强的道德规范也不需要更强的强制机制来确保和部门做生意的公司的道德行为。我们已经有了和这个部门做生意的公司必须遵守的道德准则，而事实上所有这些公司也同意遵循这些准则。我们也知道准则和当前的经济环境相关，因为它是去年制定的，而且对随后我们的工作中遇到的公司违例情况有直接的反应。这和很多对潜在违例进行抽象的预期的准则是不同的。
1. Companies agreed to follow an existing code of ethics does not elinimate the possibility that they will always follow. Every company agrees to follow general accounting rules, but there are still many break the rules. So, don't mistake necessary conditions with sufficient conditions.
In July, 2002, WorldCom filed for bankruptcy protection, in the largest corporate insolvency ever. As it is known to everyone, an accounting fraud caused this scandal.
2. Insufficient assumption: nothing changed in the past year, the codes do not need to be updated.
1.公司现在同意遵守现行的条款不以为着它们以后会永远遵守.
2.规范是在过去一年制定的,这一年来可能整个行业都发生了巨大的变化或者国家的整个政治经济形势都发生了变化.所以该规范可能不在适用需要修订.
19. The following appeared as part of an article in the travel section of a newspaper.
"Over the past decade, the restaurant industry in the country of Spiessa has experienced unprecedented growth. This surge can be expected to continue in the coming years, fueled by recent social changes: personal incomes are rising, more leisure time is available, single-person households are more common, and people have a greater interest in gourmet food, as evidenced by a proliferation of publications on the subject."
报纸旅游版上的文章的部分：
过去的10年中，Spiessa国的餐馆工业经历了前所未有的增长。预计由于一下原因，这一增长在未来几年仍将继续：个人收入增加，休闲时间增加，单身家庭更普遍，还有人们对美食更感兴趣(就像相关出版物增长所显示的那样)。
一.增长将持续下去是没有保证的.因为即使由于经济繁荣人们对美食更感兴趣,一个地区的人口能够支持的餐馆数量也是有上限的.
二.给出的人们会更多的去餐馆吃饭的理由是没有保障的,如:更多的休闲时间人们可能会在自己家里做美食;个人收入和通货膨胀哪个来的更高?单身家庭增加,但没有提供单身比结婚的人更容易去餐馆吃饭的依据.
三.即使人们更想去餐馆吃饭,但是政策条件的变化同样可以抵消需求增加带来的正面影响.
surge additional leisure household optimistic gourmet美食 prediction questionable assumption dubious assumption restaurant favorable economic accommodate sustain unprecedented空前的 economic circumstance restaurant unwarranted stifle reverse
20. The following appeared in an article in a health and fitness magazine.
"Laboratory studies show that Saluda Natural Spring Water contains several of the minerals necessary for good health and that it is completely free of bacteria. Residents of Saluda, the small town where the water is bottled, are hospitalized less frequently than the national average. Even though Saluda Natural Spring Water may seem expensive, drinking it instead of tap water is a wise investment in good health."
关于健康和舒适的杂志上的文章：
实验室的研究显示Saluda自然泉水包含有益健康的几种矿物质且完全无菌。灌装此水的小镇Saluda的居民比平均水平的就医率要低，虽然saluda自然泉水可能看起来很贵，喝它而非自来水是一项对健康的明智投资。
1.小镇居民就医率低可能还有很多其他的因素如：健康的生活方式，自然环境优越，饮食结构科学。
2.该矿泉水所含的矿物质是否有别与普通的自来水作者并没有给出支撑的论据.而且单纯这几种矿物质不一定能满足人体需要.
3.完全无菌并不一定对人体十分有好处,水体里的一些细菌是有益的.此外喝这种矿泉水显然不是摄取无菌水 的唯一途径,相比起来一种比较廉价的方式就是把水烧开.
tap water hospitalize resident numerous varied contamination contaminate mineral vitamin omit bacteria virus versus boil water up
21. The following appeared as part of an editorial in an industry newsletter.
"While trucking companies that deliver goods pay only a portion of highway maintenance costs and no property tax on the highways they use, railways spend billions per year maintaining and upgrading their facilities. The government should lower the railroad companies' property taxes, since sending goods by rail is clearly a more appropriate mode of ground transportation than highway shipping. For one thing, trains consume only a third of the fuel a truck would use to carry the same load, making them a more cost-effective and environmentally sound mode of transport. Furthermore, since rail lines already exist, increases in rail traffic would not require building new lines at the expense of taxpaying citizens."
一份工业实事通讯的社论：
当运货汽车公司只支付部分高速公路保养费，不支付他们使用的公路的财产税就运送货物的时候，铁路每年花费数亿元用于维护和升级他们的设备。政府应该降低铁路公司的财产税，因为通过铁路运送货物和高速公路运送相比显然是一种更合适的陆运方式。运送相同的货物火车所用燃料相当于货运汽车的1/3这一点就使它成为更高效更符合环境需求的运输方式。进一步的，由于铁路线已经存在，铁路运输的增加不需要用纳税人的钱修建新的线路。
1.作者对两种运送货物的形式做了不恰当的比较.因为铁路公司是铁路的唯一使用者所以它们当然应该承担所有的维护和升级费用.而运货汽车公司只是使用高速公路的使用者之一当然不应当承担全部的费用.
2.作者对财产税有扭曲的理解.财产税就应该是按照财产规模相应地收取.对环保的促进作用,应该从其他的方面反映,否则将扭曲财产税应该起到的作用.
3.作者说铁路明显是比汽车货运更好的运输方式这显然是错的.因为汽车货运显然会更灵活.短途运输时候选择汽车货运更有效率也更经济.而且由于地形经济发展状况等条件的制约并不是所有的地区都有火车站,这也会带来一定程度的不方便.
conclusion editorial government property taxes upgrade facility cost-effective environment environmental environmentally misleading comparison truck company expenditure warehouse maintenance 管理费用overhead expenses distribute highlight ambiguous ambiguity appropriate prudent prudence imprudent furniture confusion equivocal意义不明确模陵两可的
basis bias
22. The following appeared in the editorial section of a newspaper.
"As public concern over drug abuse has increased, authorities have become more vigilant in their efforts to prevent illegal drugs from entering the country. Many drug traffickers have consequently switched from marijuana, which is bulky, or heroin, which has a market too small to justify the risk of severe punishment, to cocaine. Thus enforcement efforts have ironically resulted in an observed increase in the illegal use of cocaine."
由于公众对滥用药物的情况越来越关注，权威人士更警惕地防止非法药物进入国内。许多毒贩子已经从大体积的大麻和市场太小因而风险很高的海洛因转向了可卡因。。
1.,而不一定有因果关系.
2.即便毒贩转向运进可卡因,但是吸毒者也不一定就一定能转变他们吸毒的对象.
3..即使可卡因的使用确实增加了但是其他两种的使用却减少了,.
In the second place, the author assumes that an increase in the supply of cocaine is sufficient to bring about an increase in its use. While this is a tempting assumption, it is a problematic one. The presumption required to substantiate this view is that drugs users are not particular about which drugs they use, so that if marijuana and heroin are not available, they will switch to whatever drug available--cocaine in this case. The assumption does not seem reasonable on its face. Marijuana, heroin, and cocaine are not alike in their effects on users, nor are they alike in the manner in which they are ingested or in their addictive properties. This view that drug user's choice of drugs is simply a function of supply overlooks these important differences.
vigilant警惕的 vigilance alert drug traffickers贸易者商人干非法勾当的人
consequently consequent consequence marijuana heroin enforcement enforce implement ironically ironic cocaine the conclusion is on the ground that ...
trafficker presumably reasoning inadvertently advertently advertent intentional intentionally unintentional unintentionally flaw defect deficiency precedent precede predecessor preceding
thus leaving open the possibility that the two events are not causally related but merely correlated
23. The following appeared in a speech delivered by a member of the city council.
"Twenty years ago, only half of the students who graduated from Einstein High School went on to attend a college or university. Today, two thirds of the students who graduate from Einstein do so. Clearly, Einstein has improved its educational effectiveness over the past two decades. This improvement has occurred despite the fact that the school's funding, when adjusted for inflation, is about the same as it was twenty years ago. Theremfore, we do not need to make any substantial increase in the school's funding at this tie."
20年前，einstein高中的毕业生只有一半继续上大学。现在他们有2/3的学生这样做了。很明显，在过去的20年里einstein提高了她的教学质量。尽管由于通货膨胀的影响，学校的资金和20年前一本一致，这一提高还是发生了。因此，我们不需要在现在实质性地提高学校的资金。
1.教学质量高低衡量标准不能仅仅以升学率.还要看学生的综合素质,其他的学术成果,动手能力,创造力等各个方面的表现.
2.升学率提高也不一定就是教学质量提高造成的.有可能国家或州本身的趋势就是这样的,相比之下该高中的提高可能还比较低.也有可能是该地区的高级中学减少而大学增多.
3.就算教学质量真的提高了也不能说提高资金供给是无用的.教学质量的提高很可能和学校自筹资金校友援助有很大关系.还有一种可能就是该校的总学生数减少,使得教学水平提高即如果增大资金投入,教学质量可能会有更大的提高.rise increase upsurge急剧的升高vague ambiguous obscure equivocal implicit obvious apparent evident unambiguous unequivocall statistic synonymous synonym antonym antonymous clarify clarification desirable quality compelling remarkable spectacular assessment evaluation adequate inadequate adequacy inadequacy
24. The following appeared in a memo from the customer service division to the manager of Mammon Savings and Loan.
"We believe that improved customer service is the best way for us to differentiate ourselves from competitors and attract new customers. We can offer our customers better service by reducing waiting time in teller lines from an average of six minutes to an average of three. By opening for business at 8:30 instead of 9:00, and by remaining open for an additional hour beyond our current closing time, we will be better able to accommodate the busy schedules of our customers. These changes will enhance our bank's image as the most customer-friendly bank in town and give us the edge over our competition." Mammon借贷的客服部门给经理的备忘录：
我们相信提高客服质量是把我们公司和竞争者区分开并吸引新的客户的最好方法。我们可以通过将平均6分钟的出纳队伍等待时间减少为平均3分钟来提供更好的服务。通过在8点半而非9点开始营业，通过比现在的时间晚一小时关门，我们可以更好的调节顾客的紧张的日程。这些改变回提升我们银行的形象为本镇对客户最友好的银行，并使我们超越我们的竞争者。
1.作者假定该银行和其他银行在其他方面都是相类似的，只有通过改善客户服务质量才能使自己和其他银行相区分，并且吸引新客户。但是很有可能在很多别的地方该银行和它的竞争者也是有区别的。例如：地理位置，提供的金融产品，规模，声誉，分支银行个数。
2.所提供的改善是否一定可以区分该银行和其他银行也不是定数.也许其他银行早就按所提出的方式提供服务,或者有潜在的打算.而且小镇的居民的生活习惯也可能使得这种改变事实上没有什么实际意义.
3.改变的成本和它的收益需要仔细的考虑.而且这有可能会影响原本使得该银行具有吸引力的特性.
differentiate competitor teller conveniently convenient attraction attractive attract sufficiently sufficient distinguish competitor competition compete necessarily feature
25. The following appeared as part of an article in a magazine on lifestyles.
"Two years ago, City L was listed 14th in an annual survey that ranks cities according to the quality of life that can be enjoyed by those living in them. This information will enable people who are moving to the state in which City L is located to confidently identify one place, at least, where schools are good, housing is affordable, people are friendly, the environment is safe, and the arts flourish."
两年前，L城在城市居民生活质量的年度调查中排名14。这一信息有助于移居到L城所在州的人们确信地找到一个地方，那里至少是有好的学校，可承受的住房，友善的人，安全的环境和繁荣的艺术。
1.有多少城市参加调查?
2.有那些指标是作为依据来给城市排名的?
3.该调查是两年之前进行的,这其中有很多变数.
4.综合排名比较靠前也不能说明就一定可以给人们一个确信的选择.因为它可能某些方面特别突出而某些方面又十分薄弱.就每个个人而言,需求都不尽相同.
as it stands indicate characteristic character individual criteria criterion ranking survey opinion poll questionnaire warrant warranted outdoor open air ,and vice versa fiscal overall elapse adequately adequate adequacy inadequate inadequacy assess
26. The following appeared in a memorandum from a member of a financial management and consulting firm.
"We have learned from an employee of Windfall, Ltd., that its accounting department, by checking about ten percent of the last month's purchasing invoices for errors and inconsistencies, saved the company some $10,000 in overpayments. In order to help our clients increase their net gains, we should advise each of them to institute a policy of checking all purchasing invoices for errors. Such a recommendation could also help us get the Windfall account by demonstrating to Windfall the rigorousness of our methods."
一家财经管理咨询公司的成员(合伙人?member)的备忘录：
我们从Windfall,ltd的员工那里得知，他的会计部门发现上个月的交易清单有10%有错误和矛盾，给公司节省了10000元的额外支出。为了帮助我们的客户提高他们的纯利润，我们应该建议他们设立检查所有交易清单错误的机制。这一建议也可以帮助我们通过向windfall展示我们的方法的严厉性获得windfall的账目(?get windfall account,不懂)
1.该交易清单错误可能仅仅是由于这个月windfall.ltd的会计人员一时的粗心等特殊原因造成的并不代表共性问题。
2.负责审核的人同样会犯错误并不一定可以把错误找出来.
3.就算可以找出来并且为公司挽回经济损失,但审计也是有成本的.所得是否一定会大于成本这是不一定的.
invoice 发票 error inconsistency intentionally unconscious necessarily ignore indicate indication
27. The following appeared in a newspaper editorial.
"As violence in movies increases, so do crime rates in our cities. To combat this problem we must establish a board to censor certain movies, or we must limit admission to persons over 21 years of age. Apparently our legislators are not concerned about this issue since a bill calling for such actions recently failed to receive a majority vote."
由于电影中的暴力增加，我们的城市中的犯罪也增加了。为了和这个问题斗争，我们必须建立委员会来审查特定的电影，或者我们必须限制对21岁以上的人的入场资格。很明显我们的立法机构并不关心这件事，因为最近的一个要求采取这种行动的法案没有获得多数。
1.仅仅因为电影中的暴力和城市中的犯罪有同步上升的趋势就认定,后者是前者的原因是不正确的.
2.作者所提供的解决途径也显得比较无效而不容易被接受.因为显然并不是只有21岁以下的青少年犯罪导致了犯罪的增加所以这个解决方案显然不是十分合理.也就不能因为这个方案没有被认可就认为立法机构对这件事不够重视.
formative period correlation author combat crime prohibit legislator legislation alternative concern crime unconvincing critical solution a mere positive correlation between ... and ... is insufficient to support the claim. causal relationship prospective prospect perspective as it stands oversimplified
28. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.
"Commuter use of the new subway train is exceeding the transit company's projections. However, commuter use of the shuttle buses that transport people to the subway stations is below the projected volume. If the transit company expects commuters to ride the shuttle buses to the subway rather than drive there, it must either reduce the shuttle bus fares or increase the price of parking at the subway stations."通勤者对新的地下铁的使用超过了运输公司的设计方案。但是，通勤者对运送人们去地铁站的往返巴士使用低于设计容量。如果运输公司希望通勤者乘往返巴士而不是开车去地铁站，他们必须或者降低巴士车费，或者提高地铁站的停车费。
1.对原因估计的可能不对.由作者给出的他认为必须执行的解决方案来看,作者一定认为人们不坐往返巴士而是开车去地铁站的原因是巴士车费相对于地铁站的停车费来说比较贵.To begin with, by concluding that the transit company must either reduce shuttle fares or increase parking fees, the author assumes that these are the only available solutions to the problem of limited shuttle use.但事实原因可能还有很多.例如:巴士的环境不好速度比较慢中间间隔时间太长车站位置不好等等.
2.相应的作者所提出的两个必须要执行的解决方案也就不一定实用.应对于上述提到的问题可能一个比较好的解决方案是:对巴士进行装修把车站设置在更为便利的地方提高巴士的车速缩短时间间隔.
inconvenient shuttle routing and/or scheduling adjust adopt mutually exclusive combination
The author assumes that reducing shuttle fees and increasing parking fees are mutually exclusive alternatives. impose However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either/or choice.
29. The following was excerpted from the speech of a spokesperson for Synthetic Farm Products, Inc.
"Many farmers who invested in the equipment needed to make the switch from synthetic to organic fertilizers and pesticides feel that it would be too expensive to resume synthetic farming at this point. But studies of farmers who switched to organic farming last year indicate that their current crop yields are lower. Hence their purchase of organic farming equipment, a relatively minor investment compared to the losses that would result from continued lower crop yields, cannot justify persisting on an unwise course. And the choice to farm organically is financially unwise, given that it was motivated by environmental rather than economic concerns."
人造农庄产品公司的发言人的讲话：
许多农民投资了需要从合成转向有机肥料和杀虫剂的设备，他们感觉现在再恢复合成农业太昂贵了。但去年对转向有机农业的农民的研究显示他们现在的农作物产量变低了。因此他们对有机农业设备的购买费用(这笔费用比之从连续的减产中受到的损失只是一笔小的投资)不能作为坚持一个不明智行动的理由。选择有机农业的理由从经济上讲是不明智的，它是由环保而非经济利益所激发的。
1.去年使用有机肥料的农民减产了.但是作者并没有证明减产是由于使用有机肥料造成的.很可能由于气候问题去年全部的粮食都减产了.没有把使用有机和合成肥料的农民的产量进行对比就得到这样的结论是不正确的.此外,并没有给出该研究是由谁进行的怎么进行的该结论本身就有问题.
2.即使使用有机肥料比使用合成肥料减产这也有可能是由于农民刚刚使用有机肥料对它不熟悉在长期很可能是有机肥料的产量高.
3.即使有机肥料确实会造成减产作者也不应该断言其经济收益就一定会比合成肥料高.例如:从长期看用有机肥料对土壤营养成分的流失有抑制作用.而用有机肥料生产的农作物也可能更受欢迎价格更高.
soil nutrition depletion organic farming resume synthetic farming financially switch crop yield yell low yeild short-sighted
30. The following appeared in a newspaper story giving advice about investments.
"As overall life expectancy continues to rise, the population of our country is growing increasingly older. For example, over twenty percent of the residents of one of our more populated regions are now at least 65 years old, and occupancy rates at resort hotels in that region declined significantly during the past six months. Because of these two related trends, a prudent investor would be well advised to sell interest in hotels and invest in hospitals and nursing homes instead."由于生命期望值普遍增长，我国的人口趋向于老龄化。比如，我们的一个人口稠密地区有超过20%的人年龄超过65岁，而该地度假旅馆的入住率在最近的6个月内显著下降。因为这两个趋势，建议谨慎的投资者卖出饭店的股份转向投资医院和家庭看护。
1.该匿名的人口稠密地区是不是可以代表全国的情况是不确定的。比如如果这个地区是florida那该结果很明显是靠不住的。因为拂洲本来就有不成比例的且高于平均水平的老龄人口。而且该周的冬季为旅游旺季，如果该入住率是在夏季调查的则显然不可以代表整个国家的水平。
2。人口老龄化和入住率降低很可能只是碰巧同时发生。没有理由证明这两点具有因果关系。
prudent imprudent occupancy as grounds for one's advice illustrate refer to in general as a whole warrant insufficient sufficient unnamed anonymous representative For example, if the region from which the date was gathered was Florida, it would clearly be unrepresentative. The reason for this is abvious. Florida is populated by a disproportionate number of retired people over 65 years old and is very popular vacation destination during the winter months. Moreover, resort hotel occupancy in Florida typically declines significantly during the summer months.
31. The following appeared as part of the business plan of an investment and financial consulting firm.
"Studies suggest that an average coffee drinker's consumption of coffee increases with age, from age 10 through age 60. Even after age 60, coffee consumption remains high. The average cola drinker's consumption of cola, however, declines with increasing age. Both of these trends have remained stable for the past 40 years. Given that the number of older adults will significantly increase as the population ages over the next 20 years, it follows that the demand for coffee will increase and the demand for cola will decrease during this period. We should, therefore, consider transferring our investments from Cola Loca to Early Bird Coffee."
一家投资财经咨询公司的商务计划：
研究显示一个普通咖啡消费者的咖啡消耗从10到60岁随年龄增长，甚至在60岁以后，咖啡消费仍然保持很高。而一般的可乐消费者的可乐消费随年龄增加递减。在过去40年中这两个趋势都很稳定。由于在未来的20年内老年人口将显著增加，咖啡需求回增长而可乐需求会降低。因此，我们应该考虑将我们的投资从可口可乐转向雀巢咖啡。
1.all the things are equal 作者在得出这个推荐之前做了一个假设就是在未来的二十年中咖啡豆以及可乐的原料的相对价格不变.但这在这么长的一段时期是不可能的.很可能它们其中一种的原料相对于另外一种大幅度上升.由于相对成本的变化从而改变了相对价格也就改变了消费者的消费倾向.那么作者的建议就是完全靠不住的.
2.除了年龄因素很多其他的因素也会影响两种饮料的消费量例如某一代人可能在每个年龄段都比另一代人消费更多的可乐.除非作者排除这些其他因素,否则说理是gratuitous的
3.没有足够有力的证据表明该项研究结果就是可信的Finally, the firm unjustifiably relies on the studies that correlate coffee and cola consumption with age. The firm does not provide evidence to confirm the reliability of the studies.Moreover, while the phrase "studies suggest" may appear to lend credibility to these claims, the phrase is vague enough to actually render the claims worthless, in the absence of any information about them.
the author can not justify his recommendation ill-founded 无正当理由的
32. The following appeared in the editorial section of a West Cambria newspaper.
"A recent review of the West Cambria volunteer ambulance service revealed a longer average response time to accidents than was reported by a commercial ambulance squad located in East Cambria. In order to provide better patient care for accident victims and to raise revenue for our town by collecting service fees for ambulance use, we should disband our volunteer service and hire a commercial ambulance service."
一份西Cambria报纸的社论片断：
最近的对西Cambria的志愿救护服务的回顾显示出其对事故的平均应对时间比设在东Cambria的一个商业救护班要长。为了给事故受害者提供更好的医护服务并通过收取急救服务费来提高我们镇的税收，我们应当解散志愿救护并雇佣商业救护服务。
1.对事故的反映时间诚然是评价服务质量的一个因素但并不是唯一的因素.所以仅仅因为东区的商业救护班的反映时间短就认定商业救护办的服务更好是gratuitous的.
2.就算东区的商业班的服务质量更好也并不意味着,西区用商业班就会有一样的成效.因为东西区的情况是不同的.很可能西区的志愿者更有服务,献身意识.
3.此外除非商业班收十分昂贵的服务费用或者有十分多的事故事实这些都是不可能的, 改成商业是不见得就可以给该镇增加很多税收的.所以把这一点作为理由是不正确的.
considerable revenue significant significance consequently consequence ... is insufficient evidence for the claim that this will be the case for ... ambulance-crew proficiency training emergency