"In general, people are not as concerned as they were a decade ago about regulating their intake of red meat and fatty cheeses. Walk into the Heart's Delight, a store that started selling organic fruits and vegetables and whole-grain flours in the 1960's, and you will also find a wide selection of cheeses made with high butterfat content. Next door, the owners of the Good Earth Café, an old vegetarian restaurant, are still making a modest living, but the owners of the new House of Beef across the street are millionaires."
有关流行和格调的杂志上的文章：
一般而言，人们不想10年前那样关心规范他们的鲜肉和油腻的奶酪的摄入量了。走进名为Heart's Delight的一家从60年代开始出售橙类水果和蔬菜和全谷类面粉的商店，你会看到品种丰富的高牛脂含量的奶酪。隔壁的Good Earth咖啡店(一家老式素菜馆)的拥有者仍然过着平凡的生活，而街对面的新餐馆House of Beef的老板已经是百万富翁了。
1给的三家商店都是一个区域的不足以反映整个的饮食趋势
2有高脂肪含量的奶酪同样可能有低脂鸡鱼肉等等
3老板的财务状况和人们的饮食取向更是没有关系
52. The following editorial appeared in the Elm City paper.
"The construction last year of a shopping mall in downtown Oak City was a mistake. Since the mall has opened, a number of local businesses have closed, and the downtown area suffers from an acute parking shortage, and arrests for crime and vagrancy have increased in the nearby Oak City Park. Elm City should pay attention to the example of the Oak City mall and deny the application to build a shopping mall in Elm City."(新题)
1作者所给出的所有问题和商场的建设都是时间上的前后关系而没有给出证据显示他们的因果关系
2作者只给出了不好的结果而没有给出好的影响很可能权衡利弊之后被选择的是要开这个商场
3这个商场的建立不应该也不能由此就否定以后所有的商场的建立
53. The following appeared as part of an editorial in a weekly newsmagazine.
"Historically, most of this country's engineers have come from our universities; recently, however, our university-age population has begun to shrink, and decreasing enrollments in our high schools clearly show that this drop in numbers will continue throughout the remainder of the decade. Consequently, our nation will soon be facing a shortage of trained engineers. If we are to remain economically competitive in the world marketplace, then, we must increase funding for education-and quickly."
历史上，这个国家的多数工程师来自我们的大学。但是最近我们的大学适龄人口开始缩减。而高中的登记人数减少说明这种下降将在这一年代剩下的时间里继续。结果是，我们的国家将很快面对训练有素的工程师短缺的问题。如果我们要保持在国际市场的经济上的竞争力，我们就必须尽快提高教育基金。
1适龄人口的下降可能伴随着更高的上大学比例。同样的高中登记人数下降也不排除上大学的人的比例增加
2就算上大学的人确实减少了但是很有可能读工程师的人增加了
3一个国家的经济竞争力和工程师的数量并没有必然的联系
54. The following appeared in an Excelsior Company memorandum.
"The Excelsior Company plans to introduce its own brand of coffee. Since coffee is an expensive food item, and since there are already many established brands of coffee, the best way to gain customers for the Excelsior brand is to do what Superior, the leading coffee company, did when it introduced the newest brand in its line of coffees: conduct a temporary sales promotion that offers free samples, price reductions, and discount coupons for the new brand."
精工公司计划引入它自己的咖啡品牌。因为咖啡是一种昂贵的食品，而且已经有很多知名的咖啡品牌了，所以精工公司获得顾客的最好方法是做最主要的咖啡公司，高手公司在其系列产品中加入它的最新品牌的时候所作的事情：通过派发免费样品，降价和优惠卷制造新品牌的暂时的销售高潮。
1别的公司的经验是否可以被套用在该公司身上尚待考证
2该公司是否承担的起诸如发送免费样品降价等促销策略
3那个公司采取上述措施的时候是否获得了成功并没有证据论证
55. The following appeared as part of an article in a health club trade publication.
"After experiencing a decline in usage by its members, Healthy Heart fitness center built an indoor pool. Since usage did not increase significantly, it appears that health club managers should adopt another approach-lowering membership fees rather than installing expensive new features."
1一个健身中心不足以代表所有的健身中心Unless it can be shown that healthy heart is typical of all fitness centers, the fact that it experienced no increase in member usage is not grounds for concluding that all fitness centers will experience similar results.
2会员的使用没有增加可能是因为别的原因，流行趋势了社区的年龄结构变化等等。而且可能是因为该地区的人不喜欢游泳但是如果换了其他的新设施他们也许就会增加使用。
3就算是新设施无法吸引人们多使用，也不是降低会费就一定可以提高
使用。还有其他很多因素，装修了教练的水平服务质量等等。
56. The following appeared as part of an article in a popular arts and leisure magazine.
"The safety codes governing the construction of public buildings are becoming far too strict. The surest way for architects and builders to prove that they have met the minimum requirements established by these codes is to construct buildings by using the same materials and methods that are currently allowed. But doing so means that there will be very little significant technological innovation within the industry, and hence little evolution of architectural styles and design-merely because of the strictness of these safety codes."
1No evidence is provided by the author that the code entails using the same material and the same method. Therefore, the so-called obstacles to the technological innovation within the industry are not apprent.
2Even with the same material and the same method, there can also be techonological innovations by mixing the exsisting methods or applying one method to another kind of current material which has not be applied before.
3Other factors may also be the drawbacks of new technological innovations. To say little evolution of architectural styles and design is merely because of the strictness of the safety code is not very prudent.
57. The following is from a campaign by Big Boards, Inc., to convince companies in River City that their sales will increase if they use Big Boards billboards for advertising their locally manufactured products.
"The potential of Big Boards to increase sales of your products can be seen from an experiment we conducted last year. We increased public awareness of the name of the current national women's marathon champion by publishing her picture and her name on billboards in River City for a period of three months. Before this time, although the champion had just won her title and was receiving extensive national publicity, only five percent of 15,000 randomly surveyed residents of River City could correctly name the champion when shown her picture; after the three-month advertising experiment, 35 percent of respondents from a second survey could supply her name."
1The only thing the evidence can tell us is that the billboards will serve the goal to enhance the name recognition which is only one aspect important for the promotion of a certain product.
2The second survery is doubtful.
3The experiment was conducted last year, what will be the case this year? No analogy can be drawn between a single celebrity and a company's product.
58. The following appeared as part of an article on government funding of environmental regulatory agencies.
"When scientists finally learn how to create large amounts of copper from other chemical elements, the regulation of copper mining will become unnecessary. For one thing, since the amount of potentially available copper will no longer be limited by the quantity of actual copper deposits, the problem of overmining will quickly be eliminated altogether. For another, manufacturers will not need to use synthetic copper substitutes, the production of which creates pollutants. Thus, since two problems will be settled-overmining and pollution-it makes good sense to reduce funding for mining regulation and either save the money or reallocate it where it is needed more."
1The author commits a fallacy of insufficient sample. The premise of copper has no bearing to other deposits.
2No evidence is provided to confirm us that the synthesis of copper will be cheaper than exploit the copper deposit.
3No evidence is provided to confirm us that the synthesis of copper will have no pollution like the synthesis of copper subistute does.
4The entire suggestion is based on an assumption that the technology will be mature enough to make the synthesis of copper realistic.
59. The following appeared as part of an article in a popular science magazine.
"Scientists must typically work 60 to 80 hours a week if they hope to further their careers; consequently, good and affordable allday child care must be made available to both male and female scientists if they are to advance in their fields. Moreover, requirements for career advancement must be made more flexible so that preschool-age children can spend a significant portion of each day with a parent."
1没有事实论据支持科学家必须每周工作60-80个小时以取得事业的进展。(虽然可能从常识是这样，但是批判ARGUMENT的时候我们可以不把常识作为已知)可能有的科学家就是需要长时间循序渐进的研究才能出成果。
2既然上一点不一定成立。全天看护也就不是完全必要的。
3和父母的交往确实重要但不一定要significant portion。父母的行为包括象这种为科学事业废寝忘食的精神同样可以对孩子产生正面的影响。
60. The following appeared as part of a recommendation by one of the directors of the Beta Company.
"The Alpha Company has just reduced its workforce by laying off fifteen percent of its employees in all divisions and at all levels, and it is encouraging early retirement for other employees. As you know, the Beta Company manufactures some products similar to Alpha's, but our profits have fallen over the last few years. To improve Beta's competitive position, we should try to hire a significant number of Alpha's former workers, since these experienced workers can provide valuable information about Alpha's successful methods, will require little training, and will be particularly motivated to compete against Alpha."
1According to the common sense the workers who are laid off are always the least effective and well-experienced.
2Whether the Alpha Company is successful or not is still open to doubt.
3The recruitment will bring benefit to the company and cost at the same time. No conclusion can be given until the benefit-cost analysis has been made.
4The products the two companies manufacture are just similar. The skills the Alpha company's workers own will not be applicable to the Beta company.
61. The following appeared in the letters-to-the-editor section of a local newspaper.
"Muscle Monthly, a fitness magazine that regularly features pictures of bodybuilders using state-of-the-art exercise machines, frequently sells out, according to the owner of Skyview Newsstand. To help maximize fitness levels in our town's residents, we should, therefore, equip our new community fitness center with such machines."
1The bodybuilders may just pretend to be using the state-of-the-art exercise machines while, in fact, their excellent body conditions are due to the use of other types of equipment. And, they just do so for the advertisement purpose.
2The circulation is just one of the indicators of the popularity of the magazine. What is more, I can find no direct relationship between the popularity of the magazine and the author's suggestion that we should equip the community with the state-of-the-art excercise machine.
3The machines for body building will not necessarily have the same effect on fitness.
62. The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a local newspaper.
"The Cumquat Cafe made a mistake in moving to a new location. After one year at the new spot, it is doing about the same volume of business as before, but the owners of the RoboWrench plumbing supply wholesale outlet that took over its old location are apparently doing better: RoboWrench is planning to open a store in a neighboring city."
1False analogy
2Other factors other than location that may contribute to the faliure of the Cumquat Cafe should be considered and ruled out.
3Likewise, there may be some other factors that will explain the success of the success of the RoboWrench plumbing.
4One year's poor performance is too wake an evidence to conclude that the Cafe has made a mistake to relocate.
63. The following appeared in a memorandum from the Director of Human Resources to the executive officers of Company X.
"Last year, we surveyed our employees on improvements needed at Company X by having them rank, in order of importance, the issues presented in a list of possible improvements. Improved communications between employees and management was consistently ranked as the issue of highest importance by the employees who responded to the survey. As you know, we have since instituted regular communications sessions conducted by high-level management, which the employees can attend on a voluntary basis. Therefore, it is likely that most employees at Company X now feel that the improvement most needed at the company has been made."
1The result of a last year's survey does not necessarily represent the improvement most needed of this year.
2How was the survey held has not been illustrated by the author, thus making the conclusion groundless.
3Whether the implement of the mentioned resolution is right or wrong is still unkonwn, it is still too early to say the improvement has been made.
64. The following appeared in a memorandum from the vice president of Road Food, an international chain of fast-food restaurants.
"This past year, we spent almost as much on advertising as did our main competitor, Street Eats, which has fewer restaurants than we do. Although it appeared at first that our advertising agency had created a campaign along the lines we suggested, in fact our total profits were lower than those of Street Eats. In order to motivate our advertising agency to perform better, we should start basing the amount that we pay it on how much total profit we make each year."
1Although the total ammount of money spent on advertisement of Road food and Street Eats were the same, the Road food still paid less as the author has also mentioned that the Road food has more restaurants than the Street Eats.
2The author ignores other factors that may contribute to the less profit achieved by the Road than by the Eats.
3The profit-based fee strctcture is somewhat in accordance with the common sense. But it is still imprudent to make the final decision until other possible methods have been compared with the proposed one.
65. The following appeared in the promotional literature for Cerberus dog food.
"Obesity is a great problem among pet dogs, just as it is among their human owners. Obesity in humans is typically caused by consuming more calories than the body needs. For humans, a proper diet for losing weight is a reduced-calorie diet that is high in fiber and carbohydrates but low in fat. Therefore, the best way for dog owners to help their dogs lose weight in a healthy way is to restrict the dog's diet to Cerberus reduced-calorie dog food, which is high in fiber and carbohydrates but low in fat."
1The author commits a logical fallacy of false analogy. The cause for the obesity of the dog's owners can not be simply used to explain the obesity of the dogs.
2Likewise the solution for the human's obesity is not necessarily applicable for the dogs.
3Even if the reduced-calorie diet that is high in fiber and carbohydrates but low in fat can help the dogs lose fat, the Cerberus dog food is not necessarily the only choice for the dogs' owners to deal with their pets' obesity.