剑桥雅思6Test3 阅读解析及原文介绍

　　阅读解析是考生在阅读备考中不可或缺的资料，考生在练习结束后要参照阅读解析对自己的做题情况进行分析和总结，为了便于大家更好的备考雅思阅读，小编为大家带来了剑桥雅思6Test3 阅读解析及原文介绍。

　　剑桥雅思6Test3 阅读解析Passage 1

　　Question 1

　　答案： A

　　关键词：location/ first cinema

　　定位原文: A段第1句“The Lumière Brothers opened…”

　　解题思路: 吕米埃兄弟在巴黎嘉布欣大道14号放映了他们制作的电影……，正确答案为A。

　　Question 2

　　答案：I

　　关键词：focus on stories

　　定位原文: I段第3句“But what happened…”

　　解题思路: 然而，事实上，电影已经成为一种叙事的媒介。正确答案是I。

　　Question 3

　　答案： J

　　关键词：speed…has changed

　　定位原文: J段第1句“And it has…”

　　解题思路: 电影的发展是如此迅速。对应J选项。

　　Question 4

　　答案：E

　　关键词：teaches…other cultures

　　定位原文: E段第3句“Long before people…”

　　解题思路: 早在人们到美国或其他地方旅行之前，他们就已经欣赏过目的地的风光，也领略过当地人的工作与生活方式，答案是E。

　　Question 5

　　答案：G

　　关键词：attraction of actors

　　定位原文: G段第1句“The ‘star’ was…”

　　解题思路: 明星是电影随之带来的另一个自然产物。这句话和题干表达的意思一致。

　　Question 6

　　答案：YES

　　关键词：first audiences reacted to the cinema

　　定位原文: B段第2句“But it is worth trying…”

　　解题思路: worth 与 important 属于同义表达。

　　Question 7

　　答案： NOT GIVEN

　　关键词：train, the greatest films

　　定位原文: C段第3句“…described the film…”

　　解题思路: 相关定位处只是说到俄罗斯导演形容电影是天才的作品，并没有评价吕米埃兄弟的作品如何，这个属于未知信息。

　　Question 8

　　答案： NOT GIVEN

　　关键词：other countries

　　定位原文: D段第3句“Film has never…” E段第2句“For cinema makes the world smaller…”

　　解题思路: 定位区域只是说电影把人们带到了不同的世界，让世界变得更小。题干说展现了偏见，完全与之没有联系。题干信息在文中并没有出现。

　　Question 9

　　答案：NO

　　关键词：very early cinema

　　定位原文: I 段的第1、2、3句“Cinema might, for example…”

　　解题思路: 定位句的意思是：例如，电影原本可能变成一种以纪录片为主的形式，或者可能像电视那样发展，成为传输音乐、信息和故事的怪异而喧闹的工具。然而，事实是，电影已经成为一种叙事的主要媒介。题目却说电影的故事情节在早期的电影里非常重要。原文强调其工具手段的意义，题目强调情节的重要性，显然不一致。

　　Question 10

　　答案：B

　　关键词：film of the train

　　定位原文: C段第4句“As the train…”

　　解题思路: 塔科夫斯基写道：“随着火车不断驶近，影院里呈现出一片慌恐的景象：人们惊慌失措，四散而逃。就在这一刻，电影宣告诞生。惊恐的观众们无法相信他们看到的仅仅是一部电影……”这就是早起电影制造的效果。

　　Question 11

　　答案：C

　　关键词：Tarkovsky/ the attraction of the cinema

　　定位原文: D段最后1句“But in cinema…”

　　解题思路: 然而，电影却能够捕捉真实而客观的时间流动;C选项与其表达一致。

　　Question 12

　　答案： D

　　关键词：first began

　　定位原文: H段第2到4句“When the…”

　　解题思路: 当吕米埃兄弟和其他先驱者首先展示电影这项新发明时，他们根本不清楚应当怎样应用它。最初，重要的只是活动的影像。的确，有些人就断言，一旦新奇感消失，电影就会逐渐淡出人们的视线。由此可见，起初人们对电影发展的未来并不明确。

　　Question 13

　　答案： D

　　关键词：cinema/ flat screen

　　定位原文: 全篇主旨

　　解题思路：纵观全文，都在大篇幅讲电影，big screen代指电影。

　　剑桥雅思6Test3 阅读解析Test 3 Passage 2

　　Question 14

　　答案：vii

　　关键词：篇章匹配，无题干定位词

　　定位原文: KEY POINT TWO 第1句“The literature on…”

　　解题思路: 定位句有两个关键词：specific goals和comments on...，分别与vii中的targets和feedback为同义表达转换。

　　Question 15

　　答案：iii

　　关键词：篇章匹配，无题干定位词

　　定位原文：KEY POINT THREE 第1句“Regardless of whether…”

　　解题思路: 本段第一句强调必须让员工认为目标可以实现，可以实现的就是现实的，iii的ensure targets are realistic 就是这个意思。

　　Question 16

　　答案：ii

　　关键词：篇章匹配，无题干定位词

　　定位原文: KEY POINT FOUR第2句“Managers could use…”

　　解题思路: 在其控制范围内，管理者可以根据对不同员工的了解来给予他们相应的奖励。这里关键是personalise the rewards (将奖励个性化)，即针对不同人给予不同奖励。也就是选项ii所说的 match rewards to individuals (将奖励与个人挂钩)。因此答案是ii。

　　Question 17

　　答案：iv

　　关键词：篇章匹配，无题干定位词

　　定位原文: KEY POINT FIVE 第1句“Managers need to make rewards…”

　　解题思路: 管理者需要奖励与绩效挂钩; make...contingent on 就是将……联系起来，achievement与performance属于同义表达。

　　Question 18

　　答案： i

　　关键词：篇章匹配，无题干定位词

　　定位原文: KEY POINT SIX 第1句“The way rewards…” 奖励的分配方式必须透明，使员工认识到奖励或成果是公平并且与特定投人相对等的。

　　解题思路: reward system就是有关reward问题的集合，包括reward的分配方式，也就是原文中的The way rewards are distributed，而且 fair和 equitable 是同义词，都是“公平”的意思。所以答案是i。

　　Question 19

　　答案：NO

　　关键词：shrinking organization

　　定位原文: CHALLENGE部分的第4句“When an organisation is shrinking…”

　　解题思路: 当企业衰退时，流动性最强的优秀员工就会主动离开。不幸的是，这些才能出众、经验丰富的员工正是企业最不能失去的人才。”由此可知，企业衰退时容易流失的是技能熟练的员工。

　　Question 20

　　答案： NOT GIVEN

　　关键词：small business/ large business

　　定位原文: KEY POINT ONE 的第2和3句“For example, if the job…”

　　解题思路: 全文只在这两句话中提到了small business和large business，由原文意思可见，作者并没有比较二者管理的难易度，所以对该题干句，应填NOT GIVEN。

　　Question 21

　　答案： NO

　　关键词：high achievers

　　定位原文: KEY POINT ONE 的最后两句“High achievers will…”

　　解题思路: 只有其职业能够带来具有一定挑战性的目标、独立性和反馈时，业绩杰出者才会全力以赴地工作。这里“独立性”是关键词。而团队工作往往意味着团队内各个成员间相互依赖，所以题干意思与原文意思截然相反。

　　Question 22

　　答案：YES

　　关键词：participate / goal-setting

　　定位原文: KEY POINT TWO 的最后1句“If participation and…”

　　解题思路: 如果参与机制与企业文化不一致，员工则有可能认为自己在参与过程中被操纵，并且受到负面影响。虽然题干没有写出这个“如果”的条件，但是用了some，相当于限定了范围。feel manipulated与perceive ...as manipulative是同一个意思。所以此题干与原文意思一致。

　　Question 23

　　答案： NOT GIVEN

　　关键词：appraisal process

　　定位原文: KEY POINT THREE 的最后1句“For managers…”

　　解题思路: 对于管理者而言，这意味着员工必须能够胜任工作，而且必须承认(绩效)评估流程的有效性。是全文唯一提及appraisal process的句子，可以看出并没有题干所表述的意思，所以答案是 NOT GIVEN。

　　Question 24

　　答案： YES

　　关键词：employees’ earnings

　　定位原文: KEY POINT FIVE 的最后1句“...by openly communicating everyone's remuneration, publicizing performance bonuses...”

　　解题思路: openly communicating, publicise和disclose是同义表达，所以题干的说法是正确的。

　　Question 25

　　答案： B

　　关键词：high achievers

　　定位原文: KEY POINT TWO 的第2句“… the existence of external goals…”

　　解题思路: 因为外部目标对业绩杰出者并不十分重要，所以他们不大需要外部目标。所以正确答案为B。

　　Question 26

　　答案： C

　　关键词：clerical workers

　　定位原文: KEY POINT SIX 的第5句“The clerical workers…”

　　解题思路: 行政工作人员将工作表现质量和业务知识等因素排在名单前列。既然把quality of work排在前列，肯定认为这点很重要，所以正确答案是C。

　　Question 27

　　答案：A

　　关键词：production workers

　　定位原文：KEY POINT SIX 的倒数第2句“For example, production…”

　　解题思路：例如，生产工人认为晋升非常重要。advancement 与 promotion 是同义表达，生产工人把这点排在很髙的位置，说明他们认为这点很重要。

　　剑桥雅思6Test3 阅读解析Test 3 Passage 3

　　Question 28

　　答案： NO

　　关键词：drugs available today/ growing old

　　定位原文: 第1段第1句“As researchers on aging…”

　　解题思路: 衰老问题的研究者们最近指出，目前市面上还没有任何疗法证明可以延缓人类衰老。“任何疗法”包含药物，所以“目前没有疗法能延缓衰老”就意味着目前没有药物可以延缓衰老。

　　Question 29

　　答案：YES

　　关键词： eating fewer calories/ extend human life

　　定位原文: 第1段最后1句“Those findings suggest…”

　　解题思路: 这些研究结果表明，限制热量的摄取可能也会延缓衰老，延长人类寿命。” scientific evidence与findings是近义词，所以符合题干。

　　Question 30

　　答案：YES

　　关键词： caloric-restricted

　　定位原文: 第2段第2句“Few mortals could…”

　　解题思路: 很少有人能够坚持这样严格的养生之道，喜欢的才能坚持，既然不能坚持，肯定是觉得不够attractive。

　　Question 31

　　答案：NOT GIVEN

　　关键词：diet-related diseases

　　定位原文: 无定位原文

　　解题思路: 原文没有提到这个信息，所以是NOT GIVEN。

　　Question 32

　　答案：YES

　　关键词：rats

　　定位原文: 第3段第2句“… rats fed a low-calorie diet lived…”

　　解题思路: 被喂食低热量食物的鼠类平均寿命长于自由摄取食物的鼠类”，这里关键是知道free-feeding与ate what they wanted是同义表达。

　　Question 33

　　答案：A

　　关键词： less likely / diabetic

　　定位原文: 第6段第2句“...they have more normal blood…( pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes)” 血糖浓度也比较正常(表示得糖尿病的风险较低)。

　　解题思路: 这句话阐述的是calorie-restricted animal的情况，也就是calorie- restricted monkeys的情况，所以正确答案是A。

　　Question 34

　　答案：B

　　关键词：more chronic disease

　　定位原文: 第6段第3句“Further, it has recently…”

　　解题思路: 此外，有关研究最近指出，长期限制热量摄人(将近15年)的恒河猴患慢性病的几率也较低。rhesus monkeys与control monkeys 比较，前者患慢性病几率低，也就是说后者患慢性病几率高。正确答案是B。

　　Question 35

　　答案： C

　　关键词：a longer than average lifespan

　　定位原文: 第6段第4句: “They and other monkeys…” 但想要知道限制热量摄人是否会延长猴类的平均寿命和最大寿命，我们还必须对这些恒河猴以及其他猴类做更长时间的跟踪研究。

　　解题思路: They 指的是calorie-restricted mon?keys s other monkeys指的就是 control monkeys，原文既然说还需更多研究才能知道它们的寿命是否得到延长，也就是说两类猴都还没有表明寿命得到延长。正确答案是C。

　　Question 36

　　答案： A

　　关键词：reduced chance of heart disease

　　定位原文: 第6段第2句“For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease )…” 例如，它们的血压与甘油三酸酯含量都比较低(表示得心脏病的可能性较小)。

　　解题思路: 这句话阐述的是calorie-restricted animal的情况，也就是calorie- restricted monkeys的情况，所以正确答案是A。

　　Question 37

　　答案： B

　　关键词：greater quantities of insulin

　　定位原文: 第5段(就1句话)“..compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin.”比起正常饮食的对照组动物，限制热量摄人组猴子的体温和胰岛素浓度都较低。

　　解题思路: 限制热量摄入组的猴子比对照组猴子的胰岛素浓度低，说明其胰岛素分泌量少，故对照组的胰岛素分泌较多。正确答案是B。

　　Question 38

　　答案：glucose

　　关键词：production of ATP is decreased

　　定位原文: 第8段第2句“By limiting food intake, caloric restriction…” 通过限制食物的摄取量，可使进入细胞的葡萄糖降到最低，因此减少ATP的生成量。

　　解题思路: 通过 minimizes the amount of glucose 和 less … is processed 的同义转换关系很快选出答案应该是glucose。

　　Question 39

　　答案： free radicals

　　关键词：one possibility

　　定位原文: 第8段第5句“One possibility relates to the ATP-making…” 其中一种说法与ATP生成过程中自由基的释放有关，人们认为自由基会损伤细胞，因此引起衰老以及像癌症这类与衰老有关的疾病。

　　解题思路: 根据原文，free radicals促进 cancer之类的disease破坏细胞，所以free radicals越少，被疾病破坏的细胞就越少。即题目中给出的部分：cells less damaged by disease，所以答案为free radicals。

　　Question 40

　　答案： preservation

　　关键词： focus on

　　定位原文: 第8段最后1句“Another hypothesis suggests…” 另一种假设认为，葡萄糖代谢的降低让细胞以为食物不足(即使事实并非如此)，而促使细胞进人抗衰老的状态，这种状态着重的是维持……

　　解题思路: emphasize与focus on属于同义表达，scarce与in short supply属于同义表达，所以对应答案为preservation。

　　剑桥雅思6Test3原文READING PASSAGE 1

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

　　A The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.

　　B So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.

　　C One of the Lumiere Brothers’ earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a ‘work of genius’. ‘As the train approached,’ wrote Tarkovsky, ‘panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them.’

　　D Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted — but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audiences and transport them to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured.

　　E One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and lived. Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded — at least in film fiction — have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market. American imagery — the cars, the cities, the cowboys — became the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around the globe.

　　F And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th century more intimately than any other period. We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Greece. But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopedic detail. We shall be known better than any preceding generations.

　　G The ‘star’ was another natural consequence of cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in 1910. Film personalities have such an immediate presence that, inevitably, they become super-real. Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the world seems to know who they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves. The star as magnified human self is one of cinema’s most strange and enduring legacies.

　　H Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement. Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground attraction.

　　I Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary form. Or it might have developed like television — as a strange, noisy transfer of music, information and narrative. But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories. Originally these were conceived as short stories — early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today.

　　J And it has all happened so quickly. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again — that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than reality.

　　Questions 1-5

　　Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs, A-J.

　　Which paragraph contains the following information?

　　Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

　　1 the location of the first cinema

　　2 how cinema came to focus on stories

　　3 the speed with which cinema has changed

　　4 how cinema teaches us about other cultures

　　5 the attraction of actors in films

　　Questions 6-9

　　Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

　　In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, write

　　YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

　　NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

　　NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

　　6 It is important to understand how the first audiences reacted to the cinema.

　　7 The Lumiere Brothers’ film about the train was one of the greatest films ever made.

　　8 Cinema presents a biased view of other countries.

　　9 Storylines were important in very early cinema.

　　Questions 10-13

　　Choose the correct letter, A B, C to D.

　　Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

　　10 The writer refers to the film of the train in order to demonstrate

　　A the simplicity of early films.

　　B the impact of early films.

　　C how short early films were.

　　D how imaginative early films were.

　　11 In Tarkovsky’s opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that it

　　A aims to impress its audience.

　　B tells stories better than books.

　　C illustrates the passing of time.

　　D describes familiar events.

　　12 When cinema first began, people thought that

　　A it would always tell stories.

　　B it should be used in fairgrounds.

　　C its audiences were unappreciative.

　　D its future was uncertain.

　　13 What is the best title for this passage?

　　A The rise of the cinema star

　　B Cinema and novels compared

　　C The domination of Hollywood

　　D The power of the big screen

　　READING PASSAGE 2

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on 剑桥雅思6Test3原文Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.

　　Questions 14-18

　　Reading Passage 2 contains six Key Points.

　　Choose the correct heading for Key Points TWO to SIX from the list of headings below.

　　Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

　　List of Headings

　　i Ensure the reward system is fair

　　ii Match rewards to individuals

　　iii Ensure targets are realistic

　　iv Link rewards to achievement

　　v Encourage managers to take more responsibility

　　vi Recognise changes in employees’ performance over time

　　vii Establish targets and give feedback

　　viii Ensure employees are suited to their jobs

　　Example Answer

　　Key Point One Viii

　　14 Key Point Two

　　15 Key Point Three

　　16 Key Point Four

　　17 Key Point Five

　　18 Key Point Six

　　Motivating Employees under

　　Adverse Conditions

　　THE CHALLENGE

　　It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organisation than a declining one. When organisations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organisation create feelings of optimism. Management is able to use the growth to entice and encourage employees. When an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily. Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose — those with the highest skills and experience. The minor employees remain because their job options are limited.

　　Morale also suffers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made redundant. Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs. For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be imposed. The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment conditions. The ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into six Key Points, which are outlined below.

　　KEY POINT ONE

　　There is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs. For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought. However, if the job to be filled is a managerial post in a large bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected. Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs. High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and feedback. However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility.

　　KEY POINT TWO

　　The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated. The next factor to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with the employees. The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organisation’s culture. If resistance to goals is expected, the use of participation in goal-setting should increase acceptance. If participation is inconsistent with the culture, however, goals should be assigned. If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it.

　　KEY POINT THREE

　　Regardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management’s perceptions of the employee’s ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals. For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid.

　　KEY POINT FOUR

　　Since employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for another. Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalise the rewards over which they have control. Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions, autonomy, job scope and depth, and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and decision-making.

　　KEY POINT FIVE

　　Managers need to make rewards contingent on performance. To reward factors other than performance will only reinforce those other factors. Key rewards such as pay increases and promotions or advancements should be allocated for the attainment of the employee’s specific goals. Consistent with maximising the impact of rewards, managers should look for ways to increase their visibility. Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone’s remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.

　　KEY POINT SIX

　　The way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given. On a simplistic level, experience, abilities, effort and other obvious inputs should explain differences in pay, responsibility and other obvious outcomes. The problem, however, is complicated by the existence of dozens of inputs and outcomes and by the fact that employee groups place different degrees of importance on them. For instance, a study comparing clerical and production workers identified nearly twenty inputs and outcomes. The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers’ list. Similarly, production workers thought that the most important inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the clerks. There were also important, though less dramatic, differences on the outcome side. For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list. Such findings suggest that one person’s equity is another’s inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.

　　Questions 19-24

　　Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 27?

　　In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet, write

　　YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

　　NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

　　NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

　　19 A shrinking organization tends to lose its less skilled employees rather than its more skilled employees.

　　20 It is easier to manage a small business than a large business.

　　21 High achievers are well suited to team work.

　　22 Some employees can feel manipulated when asked to participate in goal-setting.

　　23 The staff appraisal process should be designed by employees.

　　24 Employees’ earnings should be disclosed to everyone within the organization.

　　Questions 25-27

　　Look at the following groups of workers (Questions 25-27) and the list of descriptions below.

　　Match each group with the correct description, A-E.

　　Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet.

　　25 high achievers

　　26 clerical workers

　　27 production workers

　　List of Descriptions

　　A They judge promotion to be important.

　　B They have less need of external goals.

　　C They think that the quality of their work is important.

　　D They resist goals which are imposed.

　　E They have limited job options.

　　READING PASSAGE 3

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

　　The Search for the Anti-aging Pill

　　In government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the way

　　As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging — the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie*yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.

　　Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a ‘caloric-restriction mimetic’, as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction’s benefits. No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.

　　The benefits of caloric restriction

　　The hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction’s many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a population’s average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body’s rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.

　　The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans — rhesus and squirrel monkeys — have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.

　　calorie: a measure of the energy value of food

　　The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.

　　The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum life spans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.

　　How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic works

　　The best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.

　　Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery’s emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn’t) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such ‘luxuries’ as growth and reproduction.

　　Questions 28-32

　　Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

　　In boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet, write

　　YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

　　NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

　　NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

　　28 Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old.

　　29 There is scientific evidence that eating fewer calories may extend human life.

　　30 Not many people are likely to find a caloric-restricted diet attractive.

　　31 Diet-related diseases are common in older people.

　　32 In experiments, rats who ate what they wanted led shorter liver than rats on a low-calorie diet.

　　Questions 33-37

　　Classify the following descriptions as relating to

　　A caloric-restricted monkeys

　　B control monkeys

　　C neither caloric-restricted monkeys nor control monkeys

　　Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.

　　33 Monkeys were less likely to become diabetic.

　　34 Monkeys experienced more chronic disease.

　　35 Monkeys have been shown to experience a longer than average life span.

　　36 Monkeys enjoyed a reduced chance of heart disease.

　　37 Monkeys produced greater quantities of insulin.

　　Questions 38-40

　　Complete the flow-chart below.

　　Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.

　　How a caloric-restriction mimetic works

　　CR mimetic

　　Less 38..............is processed

　　Production of ATP is decreased

　　Theory 1: Theory 2:

　　Cells less damaged by disease because Cells focus on 40..............because

　　fewer 39..............are emitted food is in short supply

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