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Passage 1 (旧题)
题材：历史类
题目：History of Sahara
题型：判断题
文章大意
A On October 13,2,000, a small team of palaeontologists led by Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago clambered out of three battered Land Rovers, filled their water bottles, and scattered on foot across the toffee-colored sands of the Tenere desert in northern Niger. The Tenere, on the southern flank of the Sahara, easily ranks among the most desolate landscapes on Earth. The Tuareg , turbaned nomads who for centuries have ruled this barren realm, refer to it as a “desert within a desert” a California-size ocean of sand and rock, where a single massive dune might stretch a hundred miles, and the combination of 120-degree heat and inexorable winds can wick the water from a human body in less than a day. The harsh conditions, combined with intermittent conflict between the Tuareg and the Niger government, have kept the region largely unexplored.
B Mike Hettwer, a photographer accompanying the team, headed off by himself toward a trio of small dunes. He crested the first slope and stared in amazement The dunes were spilling over with bones. He took a few shots with his digital camera and hurried back to the Land Rovers. 'I found some bones:’ Hettwer said, when the team had regrouped. “But they're not dinosaurs. They're human.”
C In the spring of 2005 Sereno contacted Elena Garcea, an archaeologist at the University of Cassino, in Italy, inviting her to accompany him on a return to the site. Garcea had spent three decades working digs along the Nile in Sudan and in the
mountains of the Libyan Desert, and was well acquainted with the ancient peoples of the Sahara. But she had never heard of Paul Sereno. His claim to have found so
many skeletons in one place seemed farfetched, given that no other Neolithic cemetery contained more than a dozen or so. Some archaeologists would later be skeptical; one sniped that he was just a "moonlighting paleontologist" But Garcea was too intrigued to dismiss him as an interloper. She agreed to join him.
D Garcea explained that the Kiffian were a fishing-based culture and lived during the earliest wet period, between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago. She held a Kiffian sherd next to a Tenerian one. "What is so amazing is that the people who made these two pots lived more than a thousand years apart
E Over the next three weeks, Sereno and Garcea-- along with five American excavators, five Tuareg guides, and five soldiers from Niger's army, sent to protect the camp from bandits— made a detailed map of the site, which they dubbed Gobero, after the Tuareg name for the area. They exhumed eight burials and collected scores of artifacts from both cultures. In a dry lake bed adjacent to the dunes, they found dozens of fishhooks and harpoons carved from animal bone. Apparently the Kiffian fishermen weren't just going after small fry: Scattered near the dunes were the remains of Nile perch, a beast of a fish that can weigh nearly 300 pounds, as well as crocodile and hippo bones.
F Sereno flew home with the most important skeletons and artifacts and immediately began planning for the next field season. In the meantime, he carefully removed one tooth from each of four skulls and sent them to a lab for radiocarbon dating. The results pegged the age of the tightly bundled burials at roughly 9,000 years old, the heart of the Kiffian era. The smaller "sleeping” skeletons turned out to be about 6,000 years old, well within the Tenerian period. At least now the scientists knew who was who.
G In the fall of 2006 they returned to Gobero, accompanied by a larger dig crew and six additional scientists. Garcea hoped to excavate some 80 burials, and the team began digging. As the skeletons began to emerge from the dunes, each presented a fresh riddle, especially the Tenerian. A male skeleton had been buried with a
finger in his mouth.
H Even at the site, Arizona State University bioarchaeologist Chris Stojanowski could begin to piece together some clues. Judging by the bones, the Kiffian appeared to be a peaceful, hardworking people. 'The lack of head and forearm injuries suggests they weren't doing much fighting/ he told me. “And these guys were strong. He pointed to a long , narrow ridge running along a femur. “That' s the muscle attachment, “he said.” This individual had huge leg muscles, which means he was eating a lot of protein and had a strenuous lifestyle-- both consistent with a fishing way of life. “For contrast, he showed me the femur of a Tenerian male. The ridge was barely perceptible. 'This guy had a much less strenuous lifestyle, he said, “which you might expect of a herder."
I Stojanowski's assessment that the Tenerian were herders fits the prevailing view among scholars of life in the Sahara 6,000 years ago, when drier conditions favored herding over hunting. But if the Tenerian were herders, Sereno pointed out, where were the herds? Among the hundreds of animal bones that had turned up at the site, none belonged to goats or sheep, and only three came from a cow species.
"It1 s not unusual for a herding culture not to slaughter their cattle, particularly in a cemetery, M Garcea responded, noting that even modem pastoralistsy such as Niger' s Wodaabe, are loath to butcher even one animal in their herd. Perhaps, Sereno reasoned, the Tenerian at Gobero were a transitional group that had not fully adopted herding and still relied heavily on hunting and fishing.
J Back in Arizona, Stojanowski continues to analyze the Gobero bones for clues to the Green Saha ran s' health and diet Other scientists are trying to derive DNA from the teeth, which could reveal the genetic origins of the Kiffian and Tenerian —— and possibly link them to descendants living today. Sereno and Garcea estimate a hundred burials remain to be excavated. But as the harsh Tenere winds continue to erode the dunes, time is running out. ''Every archaeological site has a life cycle,” Garcea said. "It begins when people begin to use the place, followed by disuse, then nature takes over, and finally it is gone. Gobero is at the end of its life.”
2. where the residents come from
游牧还是定居
3.发现人类痕迹
A发现痕迹一起
4?发现人类骨架
5.两类人K和T，K taller靠打渔为生fishing
Smaller T,研究者A draw a map
6.研究者B研究牙齿，结果证明之前的结论
7.K features :骨头大，没有伤痕，强壮，和谐，大鱼，没有工具
8.T features :从工具(开始游牧)
9.T不是完全游牧，两种hunting
部分答案：
What 's a and b during the weeks
Map
What they send back
Teeth
What age taller
9000
参考阅读：
C5T1P1 Johnson' s Dictionary
C9T4P3 The Development of Museum
Passage 2
题目：Water treatment 2: Reed Bed
题型：判断题3十填图题3补全段落选择5十多选题2
Water Treatment 2: Reed Bed
A Nowadays subsurface flow wetlands are a common alternative in Europe for the treatment of wastewater in rural areas. Mainly in the last 10 to 12 years there has been a significant growth in the number and size of the systems in use. Compared to common treatment facilities, wetlands are lower in cost investment, lesser to maintain, and are ideal for densely populated rural or suburban areas rather than urban areas.
B The Common Reed has the ability to transfer oxygen from its leaves, down through its stem and rhizomes, and out via its root system. As a result of this action, a very high population of micro-organisms occurs in the root system, with zones of aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic conditions. Therefore with the waste water moving very slowly and carefully through the mass of Reed roots, this liquid can be successfully treated.
C A straightforward definition of a reed bed is if you have dirty water in your pool or water, which is heavily polluted, Reed Beds will be planted to make the water clean again. This is good for ecology and living organisms and fish in the water. Reed Beds have a wide range of qualities and arc acceptable for cleaning everything from secondary to tertiary treatment of mild domestic effluent, to rural waste and even heavy industrial contaminants. The reason why they're so effective is often because within the bed's root sector, natural biological, physical and chemical processes interact with one another to degrade or remove a good range of pollutants. Reed beds can be built in a number of variants, but mainly they are of the horizontal flow or vertical (down) flow configuration where water flows through the beds horizontally or vertically.
D Horizontal-flow wetlands may be of two types: free-water surface-flow (FWF) or sub-surface water-flow (SSF). In the former the effluent flows freely above the sand/gravel bed in which the reeds etc. are planted; in the latter effluent passes through the sand/gravel bed. In FWF-type wetlands, effluent is treated by plant
stems, leaves and rhizomes. Such FWF wetlands are densely planted and typically
have water-depths of less than 0.4m. However, dense planting can limit oxygen diffusion into the water. These systems work particularly well for low strength effluents or effluents that have undergone some form of pretreatment and play an invaluable role in tertiary treatment and the polishing of effluents. The horizontal reed flow system uses a long reed bed, where the liquid slowly flows horizontally through. The length of the reed bed is about 100 meters. The downside of<4hc horizontal reed beds is that they use up lots of land space and they do take quite a long time to produce clean water.
VERTICAL FLOW REED BED SYSTEMS
E A vertical flow reed bed is a sealed, gravel filled trench with reeds growing in it (see the picture below). The common reed oxygenates the water, which helps to create the right environment for colonies of bacteria to break down unwanted organic matter and pollutants. The reeds also make the bed attractive to wildlife.
How a vertical flow reed bed works?
F In vertical flow (downflow) reed beds, the wastewater is applied on top of the reed bed, flows down through a rhizome zone with sludge as substrate, then the root zone with sand as substrate and followed by a layer of gravel for drainage, and is collected in an under drainage system of large stones. The effluent flows onto the surface of the bed and percolates slowly through the different layers into an outlet pipe, which leads to a horizontal flow bed and is cleaned by millions of bacteria, algae, fungi, and microorganisms that digest the waste, including sewage. There is no standing water so there should be no unpleasant smells.
G Vertical flow reed bed systems are much more effective than horizontal flow reed-beds not only in reducing biochemical oxygen demanded (BOD) and suspended solids (SS) levels but also in reducing ammonia levels and eliminating smells. Usually considerably smaller than horizontal flow beds, but they are capable of handling much stronger effluents which contain heavily polluted matters and have a longer lifetime value. A vertical Reed bed system works more efficiently than a horizontal reed bed system, but it requires more management, and its reed beds are often operated for a few days then rested, so several beds and a distribution system arc needed.
H There are several advantages of Reed Bed Systems over traditional forms of water treatment: first, they have low construction and running costs; second, they are easy management; third, they have an excellent reduction of biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids; last, they have a potential for efficient removal of a wide range of pollutants.
I Reed beds are natural habitats found in floodplains, waterlogged depressions and estuaries. The natural bed systems are a biologically proved, an environmentally friendly and visually unobtrusive way of treating wastewater, and have the extra virtue of frequently been better than mechanical wastewater treatment systems. In the medium to long term reed bed systems are, in most cases, more cost effective in installment than any other wastewater treatment They arc robust and require little maintenance. They are naturally environmentally sound protecting groundwater, dams, crocks, rivers and estuaries.
Questions 14-16 TRUE/FULSE/NOT GIVEN
14.The Reed bed system is a conventional method for water treatment in urban area.
15.In the reed roots, there' s a series of process that help breakdown the pollutants.
16.Escherichia coli is the most difficult bacteria to be dismissed
Question 17-19 (No more than three words)
部分答案：
判断题
14.FALSE
15.TRUE
16.NOT GIVEN
填图题
17.Sludge
18.sand
19.gravel
补全段落选择题
20.A
21.B
22.E
23.C
24.G
25.B
26.D
多选题
参考阅读
C9T3P2 Tidal Power
Passage 3
题材：商业类
题目：广告
题型：选择5十Summary 4十判断5
文章大意：
1.介绍时间从事公告
2.4种阶段作出广告
3.在这个人之前，文字叙述language description , image picture
4.列举Case red meat,
5.自己,的理念，basic concepts , creativity, customs response
6.尽管他的理念任然，但有些东西过时
参考阅读：
C6T3P2 Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions