2015年6月18日雅思阅读真题回忆。备考雅思阅读要一步步的来，不能过于心急，踏踏实实的努力备考，是提高雅思阅读成绩的唯一捷径。下面小编为大家带来了2015年6月18日雅思阅读真题回忆及答案解析。供大家参考。
Passage 1
新旧情況：旧题
题型：选择4+多选9
文章：
类似文章及旧题仅供参考
Corporate social Responsibility a new concept of "market"
Maybe Ben & Jerry, s and The Body Shop set themselves up for a fall by appearing to have a monopoly on making an honest buck. But their struggles are a lesson on how little we know about the minefield of "ethical" marketing. The Body Shop, along with the American ice cream maker Ben and JerryJs, was hailed as a new breed of green, or environmentally conscious, business.
Ben and Jerry5 s
A Ben & JerryJs offers a very sweet benefits package to employees. First, every one of the 700+ Ben & Jerry^ workers is entitled to three free pints of ice cream, sorbet or frozen yogurt per day worked. (Some workers use allotments of their free treats to barter for other goods and services in town such as haircuts.) Beyond the freebies, personnel receive a 50% discount on the companyJs frozen goodies, a 40% discount on merchandise and a further 30%break on non-Ben & Jerry^ foods at company outlets.
B Workers are further entitled to paid family leave and may take advantage of the Employee Stock Purchase Program to purchase company stock (after six months with the organization) at a 15%dscount. Beginning in 1998, 316 stock options are awarded to each worker (excluding directors and officers) and stock is also assigned to each employee^ 40IK plan at the end of the calendar year. These contributions are intended to achieve the company's goal of linked prosperity, i. e. to assure that future prosperity is widely shared by all employees.
C Other benefits include:
Health insurance, including coverage for well baby-care and mammograms Life insurance (twice the employee’s annual salary)
Dental insurance
Long-term disability plan paying 60% of salary six months after disability for duration of disability
Short-term disability plan paying 60% of salary for six months Maternity leave with full pay for six weeks after delivery The Body Shop
D History of The Bot^r Shop Anita Roddick started The Body Shop with a mere ￡4, 000 and a dream. With over 1, 900 stores in 50 countries. The Body Shop was founded in 1976 in Brighton, England. From her original shop, which offered a line of 25 different lotions, creams, and oils, Roddick became the first successful marketer of body care products that combined natural ingredients with ecologically-benign manufacturing processes. Her company^ refusal to test products on animals, along with an insistence on no exploitative labor practices among suppliers around the world, appealed especially to upscale, mainly middled ass women, who were and have continued to be the company^ primary market. As sales boomed, even the conservative financial markets approved of The Body Shop"s impressive profit picture, and a public stock offering in 1984was successful. An expansion campaign followed. In 1988 the company entered the U. S. market by opening a store in New York City, and by 1997 the company boasted 1, 500 stores, including franchises, in 47 countries. Anti-marketing seemed to be smart marketing, at least as far as The Body Shop was concerned.
E Part of the secret of The Body Shop^ early success was that it had created a market niche for itself. The company was not directly competing against the traditional cosmetics companies, which marketed their products as fashion accessories designed to cover up flaws and make women look more like the fashion models who appeared in their lavish ads. Instead, The Body Shop offered a line of products that promised benefits other than appearance一healthier skin, for instance—rather than simply abetter-looking complexion. The company is known for pioneering the natural-ingredient cosmetic market and establishing social responsibility as an integral part of company operations. The Body Shop is known for its ethical stances, such as its monetary donations to the communities in which it operates, and its business partnerships with developing countries. In 1988 Roddick opened her first store in the United States, and by that time—through various social initiatives such as the "Stop the Bum" campaign to save the Brazilian rainforest (the source of many of the company^ natural ingredients, and strong support of employee volunteerism—The Body Shop name had become synonymous with social activism and global preservation worldwide. The company had also become immensely profitable.
F By the mid-1990s, however, The Body Shop faced growing competition, forcing it to begin its first major advertising initiative, the most prominent part of which was the "Ruby" campaign. The campaign was personified by Ruby, a doll with Rubenesque proportions who was perched on an antique couch and who looked quite pleased with herself and her plump frame. Randy Williamson, a spokesperson for The Body Shop, said, "Ruby is the fruit of our long-established practice of challenging the way the cosmetic industry talks to women. The Ruby campaign is designed to promote the idea that The Body Shop creates products designed to enhance features, moisturize, cleanse, and polish, not to correct 'flaws. * The Body Shop philosophy is that there is real beauty in everyone. We are not claiming that our products perform miracles."
G The Competition the Body Shop lost market share in the late 1990’s to pro duct-savvy competitors that offered similar cosmetics at lower prices. The main competitors are H20, Sephora, Bath and Body Works, and Origins. Research Results Research showed that women appreciate The Bocfy Shop for its ethical standards. They are pleased by companies with green actions, not promises. The research proved that The Body Shop has been put on the back burner in many peopled minds: overcrowded by newer, fresher Brands. Companies like the Body Shop continually hype their products through advertising and marketing, often creating a demand for something where a real need for it does not exist. The message pushed is that the route to happiness is through buying more and more of their products. Under such consumerism, the increasing domination of multinationals and their standardised products is leading to global cultural conformity. Other downfall factors also include misleading the public, low pay and against unions, exploiting indigenous people ; Also the mass production, packaging and transportation of huge quantities of goods is using up the worlds resources faster than they can be renewed and filling theland, seaandair with dangerous pollution and waste.
H The Problem The Body Shop has used safe and timid advertising over the last decade, decreasing market share and brand value. With the rise of new, more natural and environmentally friendly competitors, The Body Shop can no longer stand behind being the greenest or most natural. The Solution The Bo<^r Shop is the originator of ethical beauty with our actions speaking louder than our words. This is the new direction of The Body Shop. We will be a part of different acts of kindness in big cities. We will eliminate unwanted graffiti, purify city air, and give the customer an opportunity to be a part of something good Questions 1-4
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 1^4 your answer sheet.
1 An action taken to Establishing social responsibility in conservation project
2 A description of the conventional way the ads applied to talk to its customers
3 A history of a humble origin and expansion
4 management practices are intended to lined up the company’s goal with participants’ prosperity Questions 5-7
Choose the three correct letter, A- F.
Write your answers in boxes 5-7 on your answer sheet.
5-7) What are true about the Ben & Jerry's company management
A There was little difference between the highest salary and the lowest B They were advertising their product with powerful internal marketing.
C They offer the employee complimentary product
D Employee were encouraged to give services back to the community
E the products are designed for workers to barter for other goods and services
F offered a package of benefits for disable employees
Questions 8-10
Choose the three correct letter, A- F.
Write your answers in boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet.
What are the factors once contributed to the success for the BODY SHOP ?
A pioneering the natural-ingredient cosmetics market B appealed to primary market mainly of the rich women C focused on their lavish ads campaign
D The company avoided producing the traditional cosmetics products
E its moral concept that refuses to use animals-tested ingredients F its monetary donations to the communities and in developing countries Questions 11-13
Choose the three correct letter, A- F.
Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
What are the factors leading to the later failure for BODY SHOP company?
A its philosophy that there is real beauty in everyone is faulty B fail to fulfill promises while acted like misleading the public,
C faced growing competition
D its creating demand for something that the customers do not actually need E its newer, fresher Brands are not successful in the Market F fail to offer cosmetics at lower prices than competitors
部分答案回忆：
1. E
2. F
3. D
4. B
5-7.CDF (IN EITHER ORDER)
8-10.AEF (IN EITHER ORDER)
11-13.BCD (IN EITHER ORDER)
(仅供参考)
Passage 2
酣：生物类 新旧懾兄：旧题 题目：黑Ml的文化 题型：判断题5+配对5+简答4
：
类似原文及题目仅供参考
The culture of Chimpanzee
A The similarities between chimpanzees and humans have been studied for years, but in the past decade researchers have determined that these resemblances run much deeper than anyone first thought. For instance, the nut cracking observed in the Tai Forest is far from a simple chimpanzee behavior; rather it is a singular adaptation found only in that particular part of Africa and a trait that biologists consider to be an expression of chimpanzee culture. Scientists frequently use the term "culture" to describe elementary animal behaviors- such as the regional dialects of different populations of songbirds-but as it turns out, the rich and varied cultural traditions found among chimpanzees are second in complexity only to human traditions.
B During the past two years, an unprecedented scientific collaboration, involving every major research group stuping chimpanzees, has documented a multitude of distinct cultural patterns extending across Africa, in actions ranging from the animals, use of tools to their forms of communication and social customs. This emerging picture of chimpanzees not only affects how we think of these amazing creatures but also alters human beingsJ conception of our own uniqueness and hints at ancient foundations for extraordinary capacity for culture.
C Homo sapiens and Pan troglo<^tes have coexisted for hundreds of millennia and share more than 98 percent of their genetic material, yet only 40 years ago we still knew next to nothing about chimpanzee behavior in the wild. That began to change in the 1960s, when Toshisada Nishida of Kyoto University in Japan and Jane Goodall began their studies of wild chimpanzees at two field sites in Tanzania. (Goodairs research station at Gombe-the first of its kind-is more famous, but NishidaJs site at Mahale is the second oldest chimpanzee research site in the world )
D In these initial studies, as the chimpanzees became accustomed to close observation, the remarkable discoveries began. Researchers witnessed a range of unexpected behaviors, including fashioning and using tools, hunting, meat eating, food sharing and lethal fights between members of neighboring communities.
E As early as 1973, Goodall recorded 13 forms of tool use as well as eight social activities that appeared to differ between the Gombe chimpanzees and chimpanzee populations elsewhere. She ventured that some variations had what she termed a cultural origin. But what exactly did Goodall mean by "culture"? According to the Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary, culture is defined as "the customs ... and achievements of a particular time or people. 11 The diversity of human cultures extends from technological variations to marriage rituals, from culinary habits to myths and legends. Animals do not have myths and legends, of course. But they do have the capacity to pass on behavioral traits from generation to generation, not through their genes but by learning. For biologists, this is the fundamental criterion for a cultural trait: it must be something that can be learned by observing the established skills of others and thus passed on to future generations F What of the implications for chimpanzees themselves? We must highlight the tragic loss of chimpanzees, whose populations are being decimated just when we are at last coming to appreciate these astonishing animals more completely. Populations have plummeted in the past century and continue to fall as a result of illegal trapping, logging and, most recently, the bushmeat trade. The latter is particularly alarming: logging has driven roadways into the forests that are now used to ship wld-animal meat-including chimpanzee meat-to consumers as far afield as Europe. Such destruction threatens not only the animals themselves but also a host of fascinatingly different ape cultures.
G Perhaps the cultural richness of the ape may yet help in its salvation, however. Some conservation efforts have alrea<^ altered the attitudes of some local people. A few organizations have begun to show videotapes illustrating the cognitive prowess of chimpanzees. One Zairian viewer was heard to exclaim, "Ah, this ape is so like me, I can no 1 onger eat him."
H How an international team of chimpanzee experts conducted the most comprehensive survey of the animals ever attempted. Scientists have been investigating chimpanzee culture for several decades, but too often their studies contained a crucial flaw. Most attempts to document cultural diversity among chimpanzees have relied solely on officially published accounts of the behaviors recorded at each research site. But this ^proach probably overlooks a good deal of cultural variation for three reasons. First, scientists typically donJt publish an extensive list of all the activities they do not see at a particular location. Yet this is exactly what we need to know-which behaviors were and were not observed at each site. Second, many reports describe chimpanzee behaviors without saying how common they are; with- out this information, we can^ determine whether a particular action was a once-in-a-lifetime aberration or a routine event that should be considered part of the animalsJ culture. Finally, researchersJ descriptions of potentially significant chimpanzee behaviors frequently lack sufficient detail, making it difficult for scientists working at other spots to record the presence or absence of the activities.JTo remedy these problems, the two of us decided to take a new approach. We asked field researchers at each site for a list of all the behaviors they suspected were local traditions. With this information in hand, we pulled together a comprehensive list of 65 candidates for cultural behaviors.
K Then we distributed our list to the team leaders at each site. In consultation with their colleagues, they classified each behavior in terms of its occurrence or absence in the chimpanzee community studied. The key categories were customary behavior (occurs in most or all of the able-bodied members of at least one age or sex class, such as all adult males), habitual (less common than customary but occurs repeatedly in several individuals), present (seen at the site but not habitual), absent (never seen), and unknown.
Questions 14-18
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs 1-5.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter G-K, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
14 A problem of researchers on chimpanzee culture which are only based on official sources.
15 Design anew system by two scientists aims to solve the problem.
16 Reasons why previous research on ape culture is problematic.
17 Classification of data observed or collected
18 An example that showing tragic outcome of animals leading to indication of change in local peopled attitude in preservation
Questions 19-23
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
19 Research found that chimpanzees will possess the same complex culture as human.
20 Human and apes ancestors lived together long ago and share most of their genetic substance.
21 Jane GoodalFs observed many surprising features of complex behaviors among chimpanzees.
22 Chimpanzees, like human, deliver cultural behaviors mostly from genetic inheritance.
23 For decades, researchers have investigated chimpanzees by data obtained from both unobserved and observed approaches.
Questions 24-27 Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
24 When the unexpected discoveries of chimpanzee behavior start?
25 Which country is the researching site of ToshisadaNishida and Jane Goodall?
26 What did the chimpanzee have to get used to in the initial study?
27 What term can depict it that Jane Goodall found the chimpanzee used tool in 1973?
部分答案：
14. H 15 J 16.1
17. K
18. G
19 NOT GIVEN
20.TRUE
21TRUE
22. FALSE
23. FALSE
24 in the 1960s 25.Tanzania 26.observation 27.culture origin (仅供参考)
Passage 3
新旧：新题
题目：Appearancc and personalia
题型：判断4+选择5+多选4 文章:
近似文章仅供参考
Hcrw your looks b etr ay your p er sonality (From New Scientist THE history of science could have been so different. When Charles Darvian applied to be the "energetic young man" that Robert Fitzroy, the Beagle's captain, sought as his gentleman companion, he was almost let down by a woeful shortcoming that was as plain as the nose on his face. Fitzroy believed in physiognomy - the idea that you can tell a person's character from their appearance. As Darwin's daughter Henrietta later recalled, Fitzroy had "made up his mind that no man with such a nose could have energy". Fortunately, the rest of Darwin's visage compensated for his sluggardly proboscis: "His brow savedhim."
The idea that a person's character can be glimpsed in their face dates back to the ancient Greeks. It was most famously popularised in the late 18th century by the Swiss poet Johann Lavater, whose ideas became a talking point in intellectual circles. In Darwin's day, they were more or less taken as given. It was only after the subject became associated vnth phrenology, which fell into disrepute in the late 19th century, that physiognomy was written off as pseudoscience.
Now the field is undergoing something of a revival. Researchers around the world are re-evaluating what we see in a face, investigating whether it can give us a glimpse of someone's personality or even help to shape their destiny. What is emerging is a "new physiognomy" which is more subtle but no less fascinating than its old incarnation.
First impressions are highly influential, despite the well-worn admonition not to judge a book by its cover. Within a tenth of a second of seeing an unfamiliar face we have already made a judgement about its owner's character - caring, trustworthy, aggressive, extrovert, competent and so on. Once that snap judgement has formed, it is surprisingly hard to bu-^ge. What's more, different people come to strikingly similar conclusions about a particular face - as shown in our own experiment.
People also act on these snap judgements. Politicians with competent-looking faces have a greater chance of being elected, and CEOs who look dominant are more likely to run a profitable company. Baby-faced men and those with compas si on ate-looking faces tend to be over-represented in the caring professions. Soldiers deemed to look dominant tend to rise faster through the ranks, while their baby-faced comrades tend to be weeded out early. "When baby-faced men appear in court they are more likely than their mature-faced peers to be exonerated from a crime. However, they are also more likely to be found guilty of negligence.
There is also a well-established "attractiveness halo". People seen as good-looking not only get the most valentines but are also judged to be more outgoing, socially competent, powerful, sexually responsive, intelligent and healthy. They do better in all manner of ways, from how they are greeted by other people to how they are treated by the criminal justice system.
Is there any substance to such snap judgements? Are dominant-looking people really more dominant? Are baby-faced people naive? Are we electing the most competent leaders, or simply people who look the part? As psychologist Alexander Todorov of Princeton University points out, the fact that different people come to remarkably similar conclusions about a particular face is very different from saying there is a correspondence between a face and
something real in an individual's personality.
There is, however, some tantalising evidence that our faces can betray something about our character. In 1966, psychologists at the University of Michigan asked 84 undergraduates who had never met before to rate each other on five personality traits, based entirely on appearance, as they sat for 15 minutes in silence. For three traits - extroversion, conscientiousness and openness - the observers' rapid judgements matched real personality scores significantly more often than chance. More recently, researchers have re-examined the link between appearance and personality, notably Anthony Little of the University of Stirling and David Perrett of the University of St Andrews, both in the UK. They pointed out that the Mchigan studies were not tightly controlled for confounding factors: the participants could have been swayed by posture, movement, clothing and so on. But when Little and Perrett re-ran the experiment using mugshots rather than live subjects, they also found a link between facial appearance and personality - though only for extroversion and conscientiousness.
While these experiments suggest that our snap judgements of faces really do contain a kernel of truth about the personality of their owner, Little stresses that the link is far from clear-cut. He and Perrett only found a correlation at the extremes of personality, and other studies looking for links with different aspects of personality have failed to find any association at all. The owner of an "honest" face, for example, is no more likely to be trustworthy than anyone else.
What is also not fully understood is why we make facial judgements so readily. Is there an evolutionary advantage to judging books by their covers? Little suggests that because these judgements are so rapid and consistent - and because they can indeed reveal aspects of personality -it is likely that evolution has honed us to pick up on the signals.
Support for this, and the kernel of truth idea, has come from a study of 90 ice-hockey players published late last year by Justin Carre and Cheryl McCormick of Brock University in Ontario, Canada. They found that a wider face in which the cheekbone-to-cheekbone distance was unusually large relative to the distance between brow and upper lip was linked in a statistically significant way with the number of penalty minutes a player was given for violent acts including slashing, elbowing, checking from behind and fighting.
They also found a link between the facial width-to-height ratio and the male sex hormone testosterone. According to the results of a recent pilot study by Carre, men with wider faces have higher testosterone concentrations in their saliva.
The critical - and as yet unanswered - question is whether people ju^ge men with wider faces as more aggressive. McCormick and Carre are stuping this, and though the results are not all in, McCormick says a preliminary analysis suggests that they do.
ff this pans out, it would me an that men with high testosterone levels, who are known to be bigger, stronger and more dominant, are more likely to have rounder faces - and that we evolved to judge such faces as aggressive because their owners are more likely to attack us. Carre stresses, however, that the face is only one of many cues that we use to read the intentions of others. "It is not the be all and end all of assessing people."
The kernel of truth idea isn't the only explanation on offer for our readiness to make facial judgements. Leslie Zebrowitz, a psychologist at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, says that in many cases snap judgements are not accurate. Our readiness to judge books by their covers, she says, is often an "overgeneralisation" of a more fundamental response.
A dassic example of overgeneralisation can be seen in predators' response to eye spots, the conspicuous circular markings seen on some moths, butterflies and fish. These act as a deterrent to predators because they mimic the eyes of other creatures that the potential predators might see as a threat, or are simply conspicuous in their own right.
Zebrowitz says the same thing may be true of our reaction to baby-faced men, who on first impression are generally judged to be submissive and naive. Just as an eyespot is not an eye, so a person with a baby face may not be babyish, but an observer is likely to respond as if they are, she says. It is a similar story with our reaction to unattractive faces, which she says is an overgeneralisation of an evolved aversion to people who are diseased or suffer from some genetic anomaly. There is also "familiar face overgeneralisation", whereby people are ju-^ed to have the traits of others who they resemble. Another researcher who leans towards overgeneralisation is Todorov. With Princeton colleague Nikolaas Oosterhof, he recently put forward a theory which he says explains our snap judgements of faces in terms of how threatening they appear. Todorov and Oosterhof asked people for their gut reactions to pictures of emotionally neutral faces, sifted through all the responses, and boiled them down to two underlying factors: how trustworthy the face looks, and how dominant. They then worked out exactly which aspects of facial appearance were associated with looking trustworthy, untrustworthy, dominant or submissive.
Next they generated random faces on a commercial program called FaceGen and morphed them into exaggerated caricatures of trustworthy, untrustworthy, dominant or submissive faces. An extremely trustworthy face, for example, has a U-shaped mouth, and eyes that form an almost surprised look. An untrustworthy face has the comers of the mouth curled down and eyebrows pointing to form a V.
Finally, they showed these faces to people and asked them a different question: what emotions did they appear to be expressing? People consistently reported that trustworthy faces looked happy and untrustworthy ones angiy, while dominant faces were deemed masculine and submissive ones feminine.
Todorov and Oosterhof conclude that personality judgements based on people's faces are an overgeneralisation of our evolved ability to infer emotions from facial expressions, and hence a person's intention to cause us harm and their ability to carry it out.
Todorov, however, stresses that overgeneralisation does not rule out the idea that there is sometimes a kernel of truth in these assessments of personality. "I would not say there is no accuracy at all in these judgements, particularly in the case of dominance," he says. "It is not the case that over generalisation and kernel of truth ideas are mutually exclusive."
So if there is a kernel of truth, where does it come from? How exactly do some personality traits come to be written all over our faces? In the case of the ice-hockey players there are links between facial appearance, testosterone levels and personality. But there are other possibilities.
Perrett has a hunch that the link arises when our prejudices about faces turn into self-fulfilling prophecies - an idea that was investigated by other researchers back in 1977. Our expectations can lead us to influence people to behave in ways that confirm those expectations: consistently treat someone as untrustworthy and they end up behaving that way.
"Infants with masculine faces grow up to be children and adults with masculine faces," Perrett says. "Parental and societal reactions to these cues may help shape behaviour and personality. In essence, people would be growing into the character expected of their physiognomy."
This effect sometimes works the other way round, however, especially for those who look cute. The Nobel prize-winning ethologist Konrad Lorenz once suggested that baby-faced features evoke a nurturing response. Support for this has come from work by Zebrowitz, who has found that baby-faced boys and men stimulate an emotional centre of the brain, the amygdala, in a similar way.
But there's a twist. Baby-faced men are, on average, better educated, more assertive and apt to win more military medals than their mature-looking counterparts. They are also more likely to be criminals; think AI Capone. Similarly, Zebrowitz found baby-faced boys to be quarrelsome and hostile, and more likely to be academic high-fliers. She calls this the "self-defeating prophecy effect": a man with a baby face strives to confound expectations and ends up overcompensating. There is another theory that recalls the old parental warning not to pull faces, because they might freeze that way. According to this theory, our personality moulds the way our faces look It is supported by a study two decades ago which found that angry old people tend to look cross even when asked to strike a neutral expression. A lifetime of scowling, grumpiness and grimaces seemed to have left its mark.
This takes us back to Darwin himself. He referred to how "different persons bringing into frequent use different facial muscles, according to their dispositions; the development of these muscles being peiiiaps thus increased, and the lines or furrows on the face, due to their habitual contraction, being thus rendered more conspicuous." Once again, Darwin was ahead of his time: in an intriguing way, we get the face we deserve.
部分答案：
待补充