雅思OGtest7阅读passage1原文题目及答案解析【附译文】

　　雅思OGtest7阅读第一篇文章为The Hidden Histories of Exploration Exhibition，对应练习第一题正确答案为TRUE，如何从阅读原文中定义答题关键句，请查看本文雅思OGtest7阅读passage1原文题目及答案解析【附译文】完整内容。

　　The Hidden Histories of Exploration Exhibition

　　A

　　We have all heard tales of lone, heroic explorers, but what about the local individuals who guided and protected European explorers in many different parts of the globe? Or the go-betweens - including interpreters and traders - who translated the needs and demands of explorers into a language that locals could understand? Such questions have received surprisingly little attention in standard histories, where European explorers are usually the heroes, sometimes the villains. The Hidden Histories of Exploration exhibition at Britain's Royal Geographical Society in London sets out to present an alternative view, in which exploration is a fundamentally collective experience of work, involving many different people. Many of the most famous examples of explorers said to have been 'lone travellers' - say, Mungo Park or David Livingstone in Africa - were anything but ‘alone’ on their travels. They depended on local support of various kinds - for food, shelter, protection, information, guidance and solace - as well as on other resources from elsewhere.

　　B

　　The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) seeks to record this story in its Hidden Histories project, using its astonishingly rich collections. The storage of geographical information was one of the main rationales for the foundation of the RGS in 1830, and the Society’s collections now contain more than two million individual items, including books, manuscripts, maps, photographs, art-works, artefacts and film - a rich storehouse of material reflecting the wide geographical extent of British interest across the globe. In addition to their remarkable scope and range, these collections contain a striking visual record of exploration： the impulse to collect the world is reflected in a large and diverse image archive. For the researcher, this archive can yield many surprises：materials gathered for one purpose - say, maps relating to an international boundary dispute or photographs taken on a scientific expedition - may today be put to quite different uses.

　　C

　　In their published narratives, European explorers rarely portrayed themselves as vulnerable or dependent on others, despite the fact that without this support they were quite literally lost. Archival research confirms that Europeans were not merely dependent on the work of porters, soldiers, translators, cooks, pilots, guides, hunters and collectors：they also relied on local expertise. Such assistance was essential in identifying potential dangers – poisonous species, unpredictable rivers, uncharted territories – which could mean the difference between life and death. The assistants themselves were usually in a strong bargaining position. In the Amazon, for example, access to entire regions would depend on the willingness of local crew members and other assistants to enter areas inhabited by relatively powerful Amerindian groups. In an account of his journey across South America, published in 1836, William Smyth thus complained of frequent 'desertion' by his helpers: 'without them it was impossible to get on'.

　　D

　　Those providing local support and information to explorers were themselves often not ‘locals’. For example, the history of African exploration in the nineteenth century is dominated by the use of Zanzibar as a recruiting station for porters, soldiers and guides who would then travel thousands of miles across the continent. In some accounts, the leading African members of expedition parties - the ‘officers’ or 'foremen' - are identified, and their portraits published alongside those of European explorers.

　　E

　　The information provided by locals and intermediaries was of potential importance to geographical science. How was this evidence judged? The formal procedures of scientific evaluation provided one framework. Alongside these were more ‘common sense’ notions of veracity and reliability, religiously-inspired judgments about the authenticity of testimony, and the routine procedures for cross-checking empirical observations developed in many professions.

　　F

　　Given explorers' need for local information and support, it was in their interests to develop effective working partnerships with knowledgeable intermediaries who could act as brokers in their dealings with local inhabitants. Many of these people acquired far more experience of exploration than most Europeans could hope to attain. Some managed large groups of men and women, piloted the explorers’ river craft, or undertook mapping work. The tradition was continued with the Everest expeditions in the 1920s and 1930s, which regularly employed the Tibetan interpreter Karma Paul. In Europe, exploration was increasingly thought of as a career; the same might be said of the non-Europeans on whom their expeditions depended.

　　G

　　These individuals often forged close working relationships with European explorers. Such partnerships depended on mutual respect, though they were not always easy or intimate, as is particularly clear from the history of the Everest expeditions depicted in the Hidden Histories exhibition. The entire back wall is covered by an enlarged version of a single sheet of photographs of Sherpas taken during the 1936 Everest expedition. The document is a powerful reminder of the manpower on which European mountaineering expeditions depended, and also of the importance of local knowledge and assistance. Transformed from archive to wall display, it tells a powerful story through the medium of individual portraits - including Karma Paul, veteran of previous expeditions, and the young Tensing Norgay, 17 years before his successful 1953 ascent. This was a highly charged and transitional moment as the contribution of the Sherpas, depicted here with identity tags round their necks, was beginning to be much more widely recognised. These touching portraits encourage us to see them as agents rather than simply colonial subjects or paid employees. Here is a living history, which looks beyond what we already know about exploration: a larger history in which we come to recognise the contribution of everyone involved.

　　Questions 1-7

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

　　In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write

　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

　　1 The Hidden Histories of Exploration exhibition aims to show the wide range of people involved in expeditions.

　　2 The common belief about how Park and Livingstone travelled is accurate.

　　3 The RGS has organised a number of exhibitions since it was founded.

　　4 Some of the records in the RGS archives are more useful than others.

　　5 Materials owned by the RGS can be used in ways that were not originally intended.

　　6 In their publications, European explorers often describe their dependence on their helpers.

　　7 Local helpers refused to accompany William Smyth during parts of his journey.

　　Questions 8-13

　　Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

　　Which paragraph contains the following information?

　　Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet

　　8 reference to the distances that some non-European helpers travelled

　　9 description of a wide range of different types of documents

　　10 belief about the effect of an exhibition on people seeing it

　　11 examples of risks explorers might have been unaware of without local help

　　12 reference to various approaches to assessing data from local helpers

　　13 reference to people whose long-term occupation was to organise local assistance for European explorers

　　Question 1

　　答案：TRUE

　　关键词：exhibition/aim

　　定位原文：A段第4句“The Hidden Histories of Exploration exhibition at Britain's Royal Geographical Society in London sets out to present an alternative view, in which exploration is a fundamentally collective experience of work, involving many different people.”

　　解题思路：利用关键词定位到A段第4句。“英国皇家地理学会在伦敦的《探索隐藏的历史展》，旨在提供一种不同的视角，体现探索从根本上是一个集体工作经验，涉及许多不同的人”，对照题目句子，题目句子表达的意思与定位句一致，故正确答案是TRUE。

　　Question 2

　　答案：FALSE

　　关键词：common belief/Park and Livingstone

　　定位原文：A段倒数第2句话“Many of the most famous examples of explorers said to have been 'lone travellers' - say, Mungo Park or David Livingstone in Africa - were anything but ‘alone’ on their travels.”

　　解题思路：利用关键词定位到A段倒数第2句话。“许多最著名的探险家都被说成是‘孤独的旅客’，比如Mungo Park或David Livingstone在非洲旅行途中根本不孤独”。这句话的意思也就是说，大众的观点是不准确的，题目判断句与定位句意思相悖，故正确答案是FALSE。

　　Question 3

　　答案：NOT GIVEN

　　关键词：RGS/founded

　　定位原文：B第1-2句“The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) seeks to … for the foundation of the RGS in 1830…”

　　解题思路：根据关键词定位到B第1句和第2句，“英国皇家地理学会试图使用其惊人的丰富的收藏，将这个故事记录在隐藏的历史的项目里。地理信息存储是RGS在1830年成立的主要依据之一”。关于RGS自成立以来是否有过多次展览，定位句中并没有说，而且B段其它部分也没有相关内容，所以判断句的答案是NOT GIVEN。

　　Question 4

　　答案：NOT GIVEN

　　关键词：records /more useful

　　定位原文：B 段

　　解题思路：在B段中，提到records的有三处，第一处是the Society’s collections now contain more than two million individual items(学会现在收藏有超过二百万件个人物品)， 第二处是a rich storehouse of material reflecting the wide geographical extent of British interest across the globe(一个英国人关注的全世界地理范围的丰富的材料库)，第三处是these collections contain a striking visual record of exploration(这些藏品中包含了惊人的探索的视觉记录量)。这三处都没有拿材料的作用大小互相比较，所以判断句的答案是NOT GIVEN。

　　Question 5

　　答案：TRUE

　　关键词：be used/originally intended

　　定位原文：B段段尾句“For the researcher, this archive can yield many surprises：… different uses.”

　　解题思路：根据关键词定位到B段末尾句，“对于研究人员来说，这个档案可以产生许多惊喜：按照一个目的收集的材料，比如说与国际边界线争端有关的地图或科学考察的照片，今天可能会有不同的用途”。题目判断句是对定位句的同义改写，故正确答案是TRUE。

　　Question 6

　　答案：FALSE

　　关键词：publications/European explorers

　　定位原文：C段第1句话“In their published narratives, European explorers rarely portrayed themselves as vulnerable or dependent on others, despite the fact that without this support they were quite literally lost.”

　　解题思路：利用关键词定位到C段第1句话。“在其发表的故事中，欧洲探险家很少把自己描绘成是脆弱的或依赖于别人的，尽管事实上，没有这种支持，他们真就迷路了”。题目判断句和定位句所表达的意思正相反，所以正确答案是FALSE。

　　Question 7

　　答案：TRUE

　　关键词：William Smyth

　　定位原文：C段段尾句“In an account of his journey across South America, published in 1836, William Smyth thus complained of frequent 'desertion' by his helpers: ‘without them it was impossible to get on’.”

　　解题思路：利用人名关键词William Smyth定位到C段段尾句。“在他1836年出版的穿越美国南部的一个记录中，William Smyth因此抱怨被他的助手们频繁的‘遗弃’：‘没有他们几乎不可能进行’”。定位句与判断句所表述的意思是一致的，所以题目的答案是TRUE。

　　Question 8

　　答案：D

　　关键词：non-European helpers

　　定位原文：D段第1句“Those providing local support and information to explorers were themselves often not ‘locals’.”

　　D段的第2句后半部分“porters, soldiers, and guides who would then travel thousands of miles across the continent”

　　解题思路：题目的关键词是non-European helpers，结合速读各段段首前3句和段尾句的方法，定位到D段第1句。“那些向探险家提供当地支持和信息的人往往不是‘本地人’”。题目中的non-European helpers就是对not ‘locals’的同义改写。关于distances的具体位置是在D段的第2句后半部分，“旅行上千英里跨越整个大陆的搬运工，士兵，和导游”。所以答案是“D”。

　　Question 9

　　答案：B

　　关键词：different types of documents

　　定位原文：B段第2句的后半部分，the Society’s collections now contain more than two million individual items, including books, manuscripts, maps, photographs, art-works, artefacts and film…

　　解题思路：根据第4题的答题指南，可以马上定位到B段，关于different types of documents的description(具体描述)，可以定位到B段第2句的后半部分。“学会现在收藏有超过二百万件个人物品，包括书籍、手稿、地图、照片、艺术品、文物和电影…”。

　　Question 10

　　答案：G

　　关键词：effect of an exhibition on people

　　定位原文：G段最后两句“These touching portraits encourage us to see them as … the contribution of everyone involved.”

　　解题思路：结合速读各段段首前3句和段尾句的方法，先定位到G段第2句“Such partnerships… Hidden Histories exhibition.”。关于题目句中的effect on people，需要继续定位到G段最后2句话，“这些感人的肖像激励我们把他们当作个体，而不仅仅是殖民地居民或受雇的佣人。这是一个活生生的历史，这是一个超越我们所知的探索：一个更大的历史，让我们认识到每个参与其中的人的贡献”。这两句话所说的就是effect of exhibition on people，portraits(画像)是exhibition(展览)的一部分，effect on people指的就是人们通过这些展览能够产生的更深的认识。

　　Question 11

　　答案：C

　　关键词：risks/without help

　　定位原文：C段前三句“In their published narratives,… which could mean the difference between life and death.”

　　解题思路：结合速读各段段首前3句和段尾句的方法，定位到C段第1句“In their published… quite literally lost”。without help是对without support的同义改写。与risks有关的具体例子，需要继续定位到C段第3句。“这样的援助是必不可少的，能帮助察觉潜在危险—有毒的物种，不可预知的河流，未知的领域—这都可能生死攸关”。essential， 必要的，本质的;poisonous，有毒的。所以这里答案是C。

　　Question 12

　　答案：E

　　关键词：assessing data

　　定位原文：E段前4句“The information provided… and the routine procedures…”

　　解题思路：结合速读各段段首前3句和段尾句的方法，定位到E段第1句和第2句，The information provided by locals and … How was this evidence judged?(当地人和中间人提供的信息对地理科学具有潜在的重要性。这些证据是怎么被评价的?)assessing data是对judge evidence的同义改写。关于具体的various approaches，E段的3、4句都有提及，以the formal procedures….more common sense ‘notions’…religiously-inspired judgments….and the routine procedures…的结构展开出现。

　　Question 13

　　答案：F

　　关键词：occupation/organi

　　定位原文：F段第3句“Some managed large groups of men and women, piloted the explorers’ river craft, or undertook mapping work.”

　　解题思路：结合速读各段段首前3句和段尾句的方法，定位到F段第3句，“一些人管理有男有女的大组织，为探险者的河船引航，或进行测绘工作”。题目中的organise是对定位句中Some managed large groups of men and women的同义改写，local assistance是对piloted the explorer’s river craft, or undertook mapping work这些工作的概括。题目句中的long term occupation是对F段第4句中的regularly employed和第5句中的career的同义改写。