12月3日的雅思考试已经结束了，小编为大家整理了2016年12月3日雅思阅读考试真题详细解析，正在备考雅思考试的小伙伴可以来了解一下雅思阅读部分的考试题目，希望能够帮助大家更好的进行备考。
2016年12月3日雅思阅读考试真题详细解析Passage1
1、true
2、not given
3、false
4、false
5、true
6、true
7、not given
8、tools
9、nomadic
10、grouped together
11、foodstuffs
12、20000
13、agricultural wokers
2016年12月3日雅思阅读考试真题详细解析Passage2
14、similarities between researches in different areas
下面我们来了解一下原文
Passage 1
社会分工
Classifying Societies
Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history, sociologists and anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige or power, and usually refer to four basic types of societies. From least to most socially complex they are clans, tribes, chiefdoms and states.
Clan
These are small-scale societies of hunters and gatherers, generally of fewer than 100 people, who move seasonally to exploit wild (undomesticated) food resources. Most surviving hunter-gatherer groups are of this kind, such as the Hadza of Tanzania or the San of southern Africa. Clan members are generally kinsfolk, related by descent or marriage. Clans lack formal leaders, so there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status among their members.
Because clans are composed of mobile groups of hunter-gatherers, their sites consist mainly of seasonally occupied camps, and other smaller and more specialised sites. Among the latter are kill or butchery sites—locations where large mammals are killed and sometimes butchered—and work sites, where tools are made or other specific activities carried out. The base camp of such a group may give evidence of rather insubstantial dwellings or temporary shelters, along with the debris of residential occupation.
Tribe
These are generally larger than mobile hunter-gatherer groups, but rarely number more than a few thousand, and their diet or subsistence is based largely on cultivated plants and domesticated animals. Typically, they are settled farmers, but they may be nomadic with a very different, mobile economy based on the intensive exploitation of livestock. These are generally multi-community societies, with the individual communities integrated into the larger society through kinship ties. Although some tribes have officials and even a “capital” or seat of government, such officials lack the economic base necessary for effective use of power.
The typical settlement pattern for tribes is one of settled agricultural homesteads or villages. Characteristically, no one settlement dominates any of the others in the region. Instead, the archaeologist finds evidence for isolated, permanently occupied houses or for permanent villages. Such villages may be made up of a collection of free-standing houses, like those of the first farms of the Danube valley in Europe. Or they may be clusters of buildings grouped together, for example, the pueblos of the American Southwest, and the early farming village or small town of Çatalhöyük in modern Turkey.
Chiefdom
These operate on the principle of ranking—differences in social status between people. Different lineages (a lineage is a group claiming descent from a common ancestor) are graded on a scale of prestige, and the senior lineage, and hence the society as a whole, is governed by a chief. Prestige and rank are determined by how closely related one is to the chief, and there is no true stratification into classes. The role of the chief is crucial.
Often, there is local specialisation in craft products, and surpluses of these and of foodstuffs are periodically paid as obligation to the chief. He uses these to maintain his retainers, and may use them for redistribution to his subjects. The chiefdom generally has a center of power, often with temples, residences of the chief and his retainers, and craft specialists. Chiefdoms vary greatly in size, but the range is generally between about 5000 and 20,000 persons.
Early State
These preserve many of the features of chiefdoms, but the ruler (perhaps a king or sometimes a queen) has explicit authority to establish laws and also to enforce them by the use of a standing army. Society no longer depends totally upon kin relationships: it is now stratified into different classes. Agricultural workers and the poorer urban dwellers form the lowest classes, with the craft specialists above, and the priests and kinsfolk of the ruler higher still. The functions of the ruler are often separated from those of the priest: palace is distinguished from temple. The society is viewed as a territory owned by the ruling lineage and populated by tenants who have an obligation to pay taxes. The central capital houses a bureaucratic administration of officials; one of their principal purposes is to collect revenue (often in the form of taxes and tolls) and distribute it to government, army and craft specialists. Many early states developed complex redistribution systems to support these essential services.
This rather simple social typology, set out by Elman Service and elaborated by William Sanders and Joseph Marino, can be criticised, and it should not be used unthinkingly. Nevertheless, if we are seeking to talk about early societies, we must use words and hence concepts to do so. Service’s categories provide a good framework to help organise our thoughts.
Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 There’s little economic difference between members of a clan.
2 The farmers of a tribe grow a wide range of plants.
3 One settlement is more important than any other settlements in a tribe.
4 A member’s status in a chiefdom is determined by how much land he owns.
5 There are people who craft goods in chiefdoms.
6 The king keeps the order of a state by using an army.
7 Bureaucratic officers receive higher salaries than other members.
Questions 8-13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.
8 What are made at the clan work sites?
9 What is the other way of life for tribes besides settled farming?
10 How are Çatalhöyük’s housing units arranged?
11 What does a chief give to his subjects as rewards besides crafted goods?
12 What is the largest possible population of a chiefdom?
13 Which group of people is at the bottom of an early state but higher than the farmers?
题目详解
Questions 1-7
解答
1. 利用细节信息“clan”和“economic difference”定位于原文Clan部分的第一个分段落的最后一句话“there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status among their members”。原文在这里清楚地提及氏族成员间不存在明显的经济差异或地位的不同。题目信息与原文信息一致，所以正确答案为True。
2. 利用细节信息“farmers of a tribe”和所种植的“plants”定位于原文Tribe部分的第一个分段落。虽然这里提及部落的食物主要来源于耕种的作物和驯化的牲畜(their diet or subsistence is based largely on cultivated plants and domesticated animals)，但是并未提及农民种植的作物种类或者是否种植了各种不同的作物。题目信息在原文信息的基础上无法判断，所以正确答案为Not Given。
3. 利用细节信息“settlement”和“tribe”以及顺序性原则定位于原文Tribe部分的第二个分段落的第二句话“Characteristically, no one settlement dominates any of the others in the region”。原文明显提及没有任何一种定居形式比其他定居形式更重要，而题目却说有一种定居形式比其他任何形式都重要。题目信息与原文信息明显相反，所以正确答案为False。
4. 利用细节信息“chiefdom”和“status”定位于原文Chiefdom部分的第一个分段落的第三句话“Prestige and rank are determined by how closely related one is to the chief…”。这里原文明显提及地位(原文的“rank”对应题目的“status”)是由个人与酋长(chief)的亲近程度或关系所决定的，而题目却说是由成员所拥有的土地数量决定的(how much land he owns)。题目信息与原文信息不相符，所以正确答案为False。
5. 利用细节信息“chiefdom”和“craft goods”以及顺序性原则定位于原文Chiefdom部分的第二个分段落的第一句话“Often, there is local specialisation in craft products…”。原文的“local specialisation”就是指专门生产“craft products”的职业或人员。题目信息与原文信息一致，所以正确答案为True。
6. 利用细节信息“king”、“state”和“army”定位于原文Early State部分的第一个分段落的第一句话“the ruler (perhaps a king or sometimes a queen) has explicit authority to establish laws and also to enforce them by the use of a standing army”。这里的“establish laws”以及“enforce them”对应题目中的“keeps the order”，而且都是通过利用“army”来实现。题目信息与原文信息一致，所以正确答案为True。
7. 利用细节信息“Bureaucratic officers”和“salaries”以及顺序性原则定位于原文Early State部分的第一个分段落，但是这里并没有提及“Bureaucratic officers”的收入情况，而只是提到“The central capital houses a bureaucratic administration of officials; one of their principal purposes is to collect revenue...”，也就是他们的职能。题目信息在原文信息的基础上无法判断，所以正确答案为Not Given。
Questions 8-13
解答
8. 利用细节信息“clan”和“work sites”定位于原文Clan部分的第二个分段落的第二句话“…work sites, where tools are made or other specific activities carried out”。原文这里明显提到在“clan work sites”中制作的东西是tools，所以正确答案是tools。
9. 利用细节信息“tribes”和“settled farming”定位于原文Tribe部分的第一个分段落的第二句话“Typically, they are settled farmers, but they may be nomadic with a very different, mobile economy…”。原文这里提到部落中最典型的生活方式是固定的农耕，除此以外也可以是游牧的(nomadic)的生活，所以正确答案为nomadic。
10. 利用细节信息“Çatalhöyük”和顺序性原则定位于原文Tribe部分的第二个分段落的最后一句话“Or they may be clusters of buildings grouped together, for example…the early farming village or small town of Çatalhöyük in modern Turkey”。原文这里明显提及Çatalhöyük的房子是“grouped together”，所以正确答案为grouped/grouped together。
11. 利用细节信息“chief”和“crafted goods”定位于原文Chiefdom部分的第二个分段落的前两句话“Often, there is local specialisation in craft products, and surpluses of these and of foodstuffs are periodically paid as obligation to the chief. He uses these to maintain his retainers, and may use them for redistribution to his subjects”。原文这里明显提及多余的(surpluses)“craft products”和“foodstuffs”被定期地进贡给酋长，而酋长可能再把这些东西分发给自己的臣民(use them for redistribution to his subjects)，所以正确答案为foodstuffs。
12. 利用细节信息“population”和顺序性原则定位于原文Chiefdom部分的第二个分段落的最后一句话“Chiefdoms vary greatly in size, but the range is generally between about 5000 and 20,000 persons”。原文提及人口规模在5000到20,000之间，所以正确答案为20,000。
13. 利用细节信息“early state”和“farmers”定位于原文Early State部分的第一个分段落的第三句话“Agricultural workers and the poorer urban dwellers form the lowest classes, with the craft specialists above…”。原文这里很明显地可以看出，农民和贫困的市民构成最低阶层，在他们上面的是“craft specialists”，所以正确答案为craft specialists。
Passage 2
猛犸象(mammoth)
一个人发现baby mammoth的在peak time遗骸，就带他的朋友去博物馆咨询，科学家加入了研究对他的死亡提出了几种原因，还有讨论了他保存完好的原因，最后研究了这个遗骸说了mammoth对研究其他一些东西的价值，送去Japan/Russia分析，最后推测North America的物种灭绝有关。
1-5)判断题
1.发现者K一开始就认出this is body for a mammoth的遗骸——TRUE
2.这个遗骸是迄今人类发现的the most and first complete,kept mammoth to be found by people——FALSE
3.当地人认为发现猛犸象不是一个值得高兴的事情——TRUE
4.他的朋友比他懂得更多相关knowledge——NOT GIVEN
5.科学家came back searching in this area is looking for more skeletons研究员再次来**河流是为了找更多的遗骸——FALSE
6-10) 表格填空题
6.well kept tusk
7.Hump of fat was in perfect condition
8.Asphyxiation
9.In the lab, there is an unusual .... Smell
10.While protected by ... Microbes
11-13) summary
11.sent to Japan for CT scanning
12.In late spring
13.... Was berried in sandbar
Passage 3
新能源汽车