1. 关于“False”和“Not Given”的解释 (An Explanation of “False” and “Not Given”)
Students generally find this type of exercise rather difficult. One reason is that they are used to doing true and false exercises where the false covers false and not given. Then when they come to do true, false or not given, they cannot make the distinction between the three different types of contradiction and not given. It is therefore important that students are able to understand what false means in true, false and not given. There are three types of contradictions:
学生通常发现这种题型很难。其中的原因之一是这些学生习惯于做true和false题目，其中的false涵盖了false和not given两种情况。所以当学生在做true, false和 not given的题目时他们无法区分三个不同种类的矛盾对立状况和”not given”的区别。因此，学生要理解”false”的含义。总共有三种矛盾对立状况：
statements which are the opposite of the original text.
命题与原文内容对立（相反）。
statements which are the opposite of the original text, because they are negative.
命题与原文对立（相反），因为命题否定原文内容。
statements where the information is not the opposite or negative, but the information in the statement contradicts that given in the text.
命题信息既不对立（相反）也不否定，但是和原文内容矛盾。
Look at the examples below relating to the text and exercises:
Example 1
原文：Hurricanes have winds of at least 74 miles per hour.
题目：Hurricanes are winds with the speed of up to 74 miles per hour.
分析：由于原文中的核心内容是“at least 74 miles per hour”，而题目中是“up to 74 miles per hour”。因此，这就是False的第一种情况：命题与原文内容对立（相反）。
Example 2
原文：As forecasting improved communities were no longer surprised by hurricanes and could take measures to evacuate ahead of the storm. While destruction still continues, the number of deaths in hurricanes has dropped significantly.
题目：The destruction caused by hurricanes has ceased due to improvements in forecasting.
分析：原文的核心内容是“While destruction still continues”，而题目中的内容是“The destruction caused by hurricanes has ceased”。因此，这就是False的第二种情况：命题否定原文内容。
Example 3
原文：In 1609, a fleet of ships carrying settlers from England to Virginia USA was struck by a hurricane. Some of the ships were damaged and part of the fleet grounded on Bermuda, an isolated nation in the Atlantic. These passengers became the first people to live on Bermuda.
题目：The first people to live on Bermuda were settlers who chose to live there as alternative to England.
分析：通过原文和题目比较我们发现：没有明显的对立和否定的词汇出现。而是通过句式结构的转换产生了题目和文章信息的矛盾。因此，这就是False的第三种情况。
那么，not given是如何判断呢？我们再来看一个例子：
Example 4
原文：The Mayans also showed their respect for hurricanes by building their major settlements away from the hurricane-prone coast-line.
题目：The Mayans lost many of their major settlements because of hurricanes.
分析：尽管题目和原文中有对应的词出现：The Mayans和major settlements，但是题目中的因果关系在文章中并没有体现。也没于出现有关“lost”的相应表述。因此我们可以判断此题为not given。