雅思阅读文章对读者而言有很大难度,关键在于对词,句,篇章的理解与把握。在阅读文章时学生遇到最头痛的问题就是生词。很多同学因为词汇量的严重缺乏导致对于雅思阅读无从下手。专家通过对雅思文章的研究,总结出一些帮助学生理解生词的方法,希望能够帮助考生们更好地理解雅思文章。
一、利用定义式线索进行猜测:
定义是作者为了更好的表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,利用它们猜词义比较容易。例如:Kinetic energy is the energy of moving particles. Kinetic可能是生词,由定义可知,表语是说明主语性质内容的。所以可以根据定义来猜测kinetic是一种动能。再如Typhoons are cyclones, storms with strong winds rotating around a low-pressure center. 如果cyclones是生词,推断该词义的线索就是其后面的解释“绕低气压中心形成的暴风雨”。在这种解释中定义句的谓语动词多为:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。
二、根据进一步阐述猜测词义:
虽然进一步阐述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是提供的信息足以使我们猜出生词的词义。复述部分可以是适当的词,短语或者句子。例如Experts in kinesics, in their study of body motion as related to speech ,hope to discover new methods of communications. 逗号中短语的意思是“对肢体语言进行研究的学科”。短语与前面生词kinesics是同位关系,因此我们不难猜出kinesics指“肢体语言学”。在这种复述当中,构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也使用破折号,冒号,分号,引号,和括号等。另外同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other等副词或短语出现。
另外一种会以定语从句的形式出现如从句Obesity, which is a medical disorder that affects approximately 20-30% of the population of the United States of America. It is an excessive accumulation of body fat that results from the storage of excess food energy calories in the body's fat cells. 根据生词obesity后面的非限制性定语从句which is a medical disorder that affects approximately 20-30% of the population of the United States of America. It is an excessive accumulation of body fat that results from the storage of excess food energy calories in the body's fat cells. 我们可以推断出obesity的含义,即“过度肥胖”。
三、根据举例猜测词义:
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索,例如The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例,通过它们我们可以猜出战争,科学发现都是重要的events进而判断epochal的大致词义“重要的”。这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。
四、根据上下文的语境关联猜测词义:
例如Computers have been used for most kinds of crime, including fraud theft, larceny, embezzlement, burglary, sabotage, murder and forgery, since the first cases were reported in 1985. 这句话中有许多生词出现,但通过上文的crime和murder一词,我们可以知道这些生词都是与犯罪有关的词。在考试中,就不必费心去考虑它们的具体意思,知道大概类别即可。再如Goran fears only one service in tennis -- Michael Stichs. His toss is always the same: the straight one or the topspin. Sampras has a good serve and Becker too, but Stichs is the toughest to read.在此例中,Goran不难判断是人名。接下来我们发现大多数词是用于网球运动中的一些专门词汇,我们可以不必理会,而主要关注认识的那些词。这样能够大概理解Goran这个人,害怕某种service, 通过上下文大致可得知这是指网球运动中的一个动作(比如发球、扣球等)。其实,service就是“发球"的意思。从形容词straight可知Stichs发球的特点,而且他是最难预测的一个。这样一来就可以很好地把握文章内容了。