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Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere， they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals.—2011阅读第一篇
解析：Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere—doing做状语， they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals.—主句
翻译：他们已经锦衣玉食，声名显赫，即便是首席执行官的提议，他们也会提出异议且没人会觉得他们唐突。
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10，000 firms and more than 64，000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. —2011阅读第一篇
解析：The researchers from Ohio University—主语 used a database—谓语和宾语 that covered more than 10，000 firms and more than 64，000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.—定语从句修饰数据库
翻译：来自俄亥俄大学的研究者构建了一个庞大的数据库，其数据是通过对1989年到2004年间超过10000家公司和64000名不同的董事调查后所得出的。
The most likely reason for departing a board was age， so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. —2011阅读第一篇
解析：The most likely reason for departing a board—主语 was age—系表结构， so—并列连接两个句子 the researchers—主语 concentrated on—谓语 those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70.—宾语
翻译：年龄是他们离职董事会的主要原因。因此，研究者特别关注那些不满七十岁的董事的“意外”离职。
Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive， it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. —2011阅读第一篇
解析：Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive，--让步状语从句 it does not mean (that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship)--主句中的宾语从句.—主句
翻译：他们离任与该公司随后的糟糕表现不无关系，但这并不意味着他们不愿挽狂澜于既倒、 扶大厦于将倾。
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks， even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. —
2011阅读第一篇
解析：But the researchers—主语 believe—谓语 that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations—宾语从句 if they leave a firm before bad news breaks—条件状语从句， even if a review of history shows (they were on the board at the time 《any wrongdoing occurred》—定语从句修饰time)--让步状语从句中的宾语从句.—让步状语从句
翻译：研究者们坚信：如果外部董事在坏消息放出之前就离开公司，即便追溯历史时人们发现一些错误正是发生在这些外部董事担任董事期间，他们的名声也丝毫不会受损。