满分培训
一. Parallel Structure—平行结构
平行结构的知识点考察在SAT的考试中是必考的一项，然后在中国的高考中对于这个知识点却只有极少的关注度;因此造成了很多同学对于此知识点的掌握不牢固，必然会造成在SAT考试中会丢分。所以综合SAT语法考试的特点总结出以下的考点。
考点聚焦：
(1) 三者之间的平行----N, N, and N(名词，名词，and 名词)
此种题型就是我们常说的“名词，名词，and 名词”的形式，这三个名词是相互并列的。出题的习惯通常划线部分放在第三个，即在and 名词上面划线。
例句1：Each time Mary turns on her computer， she has (A) to enter a company code, then her initials, and then enters a password (B) before (C) she can begin working (D). No error (E).
例句2：Without the invention of the compass, Mike might not have sailed around the world, Lewis and Isaac might not have traveled to Bonn, nor might Kevin’s search for the cities of gold have occurred, either.
(A) nor might Kevin’s search for the cities of gold have occurred, either
(B) nor might Kevin search for the cities of gold
(C) and Kevin’s search for the cities of gold might not have taken place
(D) and Kevin might not search for the cities of gold
(E) and Kevin might not have searched for the cities of gold
(2)比较句
此种题型在考试当中几乎每次都可以见到，考点集中在同类比较
出现此题型的标志有：-er; more,than; as; like; unlike; compare to/with等
错误例句：The climate in Shanghai is more humid than Beijiing.
改为：The climate in Shanghai is more humid than that of Beijing.
此句中“that”表示句子开头的“the climate”
例句1： In (A) the United States, the industrial use of (B) plastic is (C) greater than steel (D), aluminum, and copper combined. No error (E) (OG P777 28)
例句2： In a recent year, more tourists from the United States visited museums in Great Britain than Canada.
(A) Canada
(B) Canada did
(C) compared to Canada
(D) Canadian ones
(E) in Canada
(3)两者之间的平行
两者之间的平行一般的几个标志如下：
not only……,but also….
neither…. nor……../ either……or……(在SAT中被视为送分题)
….. and / but…..
出现以上的标志词后必须做到一一对应;但以下为特殊情况：
如：either plan to do，or risk doing
(这种句型出现是正确的，句子当中的主体结构完全一一对应，“plan”和“risk”已经做到对应，后面的“to do”和“doing”只是固定用法。)
例句1：The labor union is negotiating (A) a contract with the hospital that (B) will satisfy (C) the demands of the workers and be acceptable to (D) all levels of management. No error (E) (OG P601 13)
例句2：Most drivers know not only that excessive speeding on highways wastes gasoline, but also that it is dangerous. (OG P678.13)
(A) know not only that excessive speeding on highways wastes
(B) know that excessive speeding on highways could be wasteful of
(C) are knowledgeable that excessive speeding on highways not only wastes
(D) have known that excessive speeding on highways wastes not only
(E) know that excessive speeding on highways not only by itself can waste
(4) 两个句子之间的平行
两个句子之间的平行，后一个句子之间用逗号加上连词隔开，或者直接用一个分号隔开
标志：and，but，分号等
例句 Driving less (A) frequently is one way to save energy; to turn off all (B) appliances when they are (C) not being used is another (D). No error (E) (OG P720 18)
二 代词 (Pronoun)
纵观SAT的语法考试，我们发现代词在考试中占有举足轻重的地位，很多的题目都与之相关。所以以后考试中出现代词划线，一定要万分注意。
在学习本课之前，我们要弄清楚SAT考试的特点：SAT考试是考察应试者对于英语标准书面语(也就是我们常说的Standard Written English)的掌握，所以我们一定要做到标准化。
例句：This is a car.
很多同学看到这句话以后很快就会很自信地将其翻译为“这是一辆汽车。”在口语中，由于当时一定的场景支撑，这句话没有任何问题;但是在Standard Written English中，这句话是不正确的，或者说是并不标准的。因为“This”这个指示代词可以翻译为“这”，然而在书面语中它却并不能清晰地指代具体的某个事物，因而容易产生歧义，所以这就是我们所说的“指代不明确”。
代词在语法中的作用：
代词---(Pro-noun)，所以我们代词是用来指代一个名词(noun)。
考点聚焦：
(1)。“This”不能单独充当主语或者宾语
例句：Thomas repeated his perspective that (A) the student, if given (B) sufficient time for (C) preparation, would finish this (D). No error (E)
(2)代词的单复数
SAT考试语法题中几乎每次都会考到代词单复数的情况，所以大家对这个知识点要足够重视。
单数情况出现的代词有--- I，me , my, mine, myself;
you , your, yours, yourself;
he, his, him，himself;
she, her, hers, herself;
it, its , itself;
this, that;
复数情况出现的代词有---we，us, our, ours, ourselves;
you, your, yours, yourselves;
they，them，their, theirs，themselves
these，those;
例句1： Even though (A) only parts of clay vessels may be (B) recovered, these pottery shards are invaluable to (C) the archaeologist because it is (D) virtually indestructible. No error (E) (OG P601 15)
例句2：The quality of multivitamin tablets is determined (A) by how long (B) its (C) potency can be protected (D) by the manufacturer’s coating material. No error(E) (OG P602 28)
(3)代词的主格形式(Nominative)和宾格形式(Objective)
例句：My colleague and myself (A) received an award for (B) our paper on the accuracy with which (C) a polygraph measures (D) physiological processes. No error(E)
(4) one/ones 划线时不可随意指代
让我们来看一个例句：
We/You don’t have so-called freedom, because at times what we/you do depends on other people.
译文：我们/你们并没有所谓的自由，因为有些时候我们/你们的所作所为还取决于别人。
我们在例句中可以看出来在第一人称或者第二人称的时候，前后必须是相互呼应的，所以如果将句子改成下面的情况就不对了：
We/You don’t have so-called freedom, because at times what ones do dependb on other people.
b 所以，one或者ones在指代的时候只适用于第三人称：
再来看一个句子：When one is exhausted, he/she is tired of answering others’ questions.
译文：但一个人极度疲惫的失守，他/她会疲于回答别人的问题。
这句话中，one与第三人称he/she对应;在复数的情况下ones和they进行对应，这一切与we/you无关。
例句：
Although (A) one likes to believe (B) that your own (C) children are beautiful, intelligent, and well behaved, what one believes is not always the case (D). No error(E) (OG P777 23)
(5) 关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which
用法介绍：
who在句子中表示人，并且在从句中作主语;在现代英语里，who也可取代whom在从句中作动词的宾语;
whom表示人充当宾语;
whose一般用来表示“某人的”，有些情况下也可以表示“某物的”;
that可以表示人，也可以表示物
which只可以表示物。
注意点：SAT考试中并不会考察who和whom之间的区别或者是from which和with which之间的不同点，也不会考察与之相关的固定用法，如in that是什么意思;只会考察他们所指代的是“人的意义”还是“物的意义”：
典型错误： the person which I know
the book who I read
例句：Candy manufactures applauded the discovery by (A) researchers that the students which (B) smell chocolate while studying and again while taking (C) a test are able to (D) recall more material than students not exposed to. No error (E)
(6)指代不明确
a. 代词一定要清晰地去表示它所指代的对象，否则就是错的。
例句：The office manager and her coworker, Ms. Andrews, received (A) equal pay for the company until (B) she (C) got a raise for helping (D) to increase productivity. No error (E)
b.我们清楚代词的英文写法是pronoun，即代词要指代的对象是一个noun，所以在SAT考试中，代词指代的如果是一个动词(verb)或者一个句子(sentence)，那么肯定是不正确的
例句：During the labor dispute, barrels of potatoes were emptied across the highway, and they thereby blocked it to all traffic.
(A) highway, and they thereby blocked it to all traffic
(B) highway and therefore blocking it to all traffic
(C) highway, by which all traffic was therefore blocked
(D) highway, and therefore this had all traffic blocked
(E) highway, thereby blocking all traffic
注意点: 在SAT语法考试中，改进句子题(IS)如果出现了代词指代不明确的情况，我们要学会使用“排除法”。
即此例句中出现了指代不清的代词it，选项AB都有it，那么这两个选项肯定是要被排除的。这是一个非常好用的技巧，希望同学们以后能够掌握这一点。
例句:David, Jason and Isaac were hiking when, stumbling over a rock, he fell down a steep embankment
(A) when, stumbling over a rock, he fell down a steep embankment
(B) and then he fell down a steep embankment after he stumbled over a rock
(C) when Isaac fell down a steep embankment after stumbling over a rock
(D) when Isaac fell down a steep embankment, since he stumbled over a rock
(E) and, since he stumbled over a rock, he fell down a steep embankment
三.主谓一致
主谓一致的知识点对于英语语言学习的重要性不言而喻，在SAT语法考试当中也得到了充分的证明;然而对于很多中国学生来说，由于中文语法的限制，他们在主谓一致这一知识点上习惯性地犯错。
概述
主语和谓语应在数上保持它们的一致性，即复数主语必须用复数谓语;同样，单数主语必须用单数谓语。
所以，基于上面的概述，我们在SAT语法题中一定要清晰地判断出主语和谓语的单复数形式来保证我们做题的正确率。
考点聚焦：
(1) 单复数混用
这种题型相对来说是比较简单并且显而易见的，但是同学们做题的时候一定要十分细心。
例句1：Few issues is (A) as likely (B) to provoke widespread interest as those (C) involving possible danger to (D) the health or safety of children. No error (E)
例句2：The main reasons students give for failing to participate in the political process is that they have demanding assignments and work at part-time jobs.
(A) is that they have demanding assignments and work at
(B) are demanding assignments and they work at
(C) are that they have demanding assignments and that they work at
(D) is having demanding assignments and having to work at
(E) are demanding assignments, in addition to working at
(2)由and连接的主语
两个名词或者代词有and进行连接并且充当句子的主语，如果它们表示的是两样东西，则需用复数谓语;
例句1：A job directory and a job service centre that provides (A) information for (B) students in need of (C) employment is (D) available through the school’s guidance office. No error (E)
例句2：The convenience and availability of watercolor paint account for its popularity with artists.
(A) account for its popularity
(B) account for their popularity
(C) accounts for its popularity
(D) is why it is popular
(E) are a reason for its popularity
(3)倒装句的主谓一致
在SAT的考试中，经常出现倒装句配合主谓一致的情况，让我们来看一个例题
例句：Also supported (A) by the commission was (B) the proposed health clinics and the proposed center (C) to distribute information on job-training (D) opportunities. No error (E) (OG P602 28)
(4)主语+插入语+谓语
此种题型在SAT语法考试中出现的频率十分的高，大家要有足够的认识。首先，我们知道插入语在整个句子中式不占成分的，也就说我们可以忽略不计，通常以两个逗号的形式在句子中出现。
例句：The record left by fossils, the ancient remains of plants and animals, provide (A) scientists with (B) their primary source of (C) information about (D) prehistoric life. No error (E)
(5) 抽象概念主语用单数
由于抽象概念的主语通常来说是一个不可数名词，所以谓语部分一般都用单数形式。
例句: Studying (A) the language and culture of a foreign country are(B) highly recommended to the tourist who expects (C) to learn from (D) his or her vacation abroad. No error (E)
(6)就前原则
名词1 +介词+ 名词2
在SAT考试中出现此种情况，谓语动词的单复数与名词1有关，与名词2无关
如：
teachers in the office are
例：The bright (A) fiberglass sculptures of Luis Jimenez has received (B) critical acclaim not only (C) in his home state, New Mexico, but also in (D) New York. No error (E). (OG P161.1)
(7)谓语动词单复数的固定用法
(1) a number of + 复数名词
表示一些;一般情况下主语为此短语中的“复数名词”部分，所以其后谓语动词用复数;
(2)the number of +复数名词
表示什么东西的数量;这个短语的主语中心词是“the number”，其后的动词在任何情况下都用单数;当然如果换成“the numbers of+复数名词”的情况，谓语动词用复数。
例句：The number of awards given this year (A) to biochemists accentuate (B) the significant gains (C) being made in (D) the study of the chemistry of living organisms. No error (E) (OG P660 26)
四.时态(Tense)
时态的考察在任何形式的英语考试中都是重点，SAT语法考试也不例外，并且我们发现时态部分向来是中国考生极易犯错的地方;相比于
总的来说，SAT语法考试的时态部分大体可分为以下两个类别：
(1) 现在类：
a. 一般现在时
概念：表示经常或者反复发生的动作、行为及现在的某种状态。
例句：. It seldom rains here
b. 现在进行时
概念：表示现在或说话时正在进行的动作及行为
例句：He is listening in the class.
c.一般将来时
概念：表示将来发生的动作或状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
例句: It will rain tomorrow.
d.现在完成时
概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去持续到现在的动作或状态.
例句: The city has changed a lot in the last several years.
(2) 过去类：
a. 一般过去时
概念：过去发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
例句: I didn't realize you were exhausted.
b. 过去进行时
概念：表示过去某个时间正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
例句:At that time she was working in a department store.
c. 过去将来时
概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来;通常出现在宾语从句中，并且要做到时态的主从一致。
例句:He said he would go to Chicago tomorrow morning.
d. 过去完成时
概念：指“过去的过去”， 即以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为。
例句: As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
考点聚焦：
(1) 现在类时态和过去类时态混用
例句：One subject of (A) Felipe Alfau’s second novel, published more than (B) 40 years after it has been (C) written (D), is the illusory nature of the passage of time. No error (E) (OG P471 16)
(2)不规则动词的过去时和过去分词
此考点主要还是建立在自己平时对动词三种不同形式的积累上
如：run-ran-run, swim-swam-swum等
例句：Jack often referred to (A) art history textbook while he (B) was sculpting; whenever he learned a new method in art class, he seeks out (C) the work of sculptors who had used (D) it in the past. No error (E)
(3)虚拟语气的误导
这一考点的难度较大，SAT语法通常考察虚拟语气在条件句中的使用
虚拟语气在条件句中通常表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，习惯性的用If来进行引导，并且If表达的含义为“如果”;时态的使用通常是正常时态往前退一个时态,并且逐句和从句要保持时态上的呼应：
即-一般现在时 一般过去时;一般将来时 一般现在时等
如：If I were you, I would go to Beijing.
例句：Some of the workers who resent (A) the supervisor’s authority would probably (B) feel uncomfortable if (C) they were to acquire the independence that they demand (D). No error (E)
五.形容词，副词
形容词和副词的知识点考察从2009年SAT的语法考试中开始广泛出现，估计在以后的考试当中也会不时地出现，所以同学们应该对此知识点做到足够的认识。但总体上来说，此知识点的出题难度并不大，只要大家掌握基本做题的步骤，那么做这种题型应该没有太大的问题。
考点聚焦：
(1)adv和adj的用法区分
在英语中，形容词(adj)一般可以修饰名词(n)和代词(pron);副词(adv)修饰的内容较为广泛，为动词(v)，形容词(adj)，副词(adv)，以及整个句子。
即： adj+n/pron
adv+v/adj/adv/sentence
看两个例句，确定一下意思，
--- I found the vocabulary hard.
这么一句话却又两层含义：
1) =I found the vocabulary whch is difficult. 我发现词汇很难。
2) =I tried to find the vocabulary. 我努力地找到词汇。
在第一种情况下，“hard”为形容词作后置定语，意思为“难”。
在第二种情况下，“hard”为副词修饰动词“found”，意思为“努力地”。
我们可以大胆地做出如下总结：如果在SAT的ISE题型当中，所划线部分为一个单词既是形容词(adj)也是副词(adv)，基于SAT考试语法部分对意思不太苛求，我们可以判断出划线部分一定是正确的。比如常常在试题中出现并被划线的词“alike”。
例句：
Something of (A) a phenomenon in (B) the entertainment world, political satirists are admired (C) by conservatives and radicals alike(D) . No error (E) (OG P957 23)
(2) adj adv考点：
在SAT语法ISE题型中，出题频率最高的是将adj划线，通常改其改为adv; 反之，将adv改成adj的情况则非常少见。
例句：
If (A) I am reading the editorial correct (B), the mayor is deliberately avoiding any (C) discussion of the tax-reform bill until after (D) the November elections. NO error (E) (OG P721 22)
(3) adj 识别与判断
我们知道可以被副词修饰的动词，形容词和副词;动词和副词一般比较容易判断;如果出现形容词的时候，就会相对复杂了：
在SAT考试中出现比较多的情况有如下几点：
a. 普通形容词，如“quick”，“smooth”之类
b. 如“friendly”，“lonely”之类的长相为副词而实际上是形容词
c. 分词(分词含有形容词的性质)
分词情况比较复杂，一般来说会出现现在分词和过去分词。
现在分词的标志是一“ing”结尾，即V+ing;
如：a progressively developing region; “progressively”修饰“developing”，译为一个稳步发展的地区
过去分词是V+ed的形式，但是大家一定要注意不规则动词的过去分词形式。如： a definitely unknown object ; “unknown”被“definitely”修饰，译为一个绝对不明确的物体。
例句：
The research study reveals (A) startling proof of a constant (B) changing seafloor that comprises (C) the major part of (D) the underwater landscape. No error (E)
(4)比较级，最高级
在SAT的语法考试中会出现，比较级和最高级的情况;错误一般集中在两者之间用“most”,三者之间出现用“more”的情况和在已经是比较级的词前面加上“more”，如“more stronger”。
例句：
In many respects (A) Anna Karenina and Emma Bovary are very similar characters, but (B) Bovary has (C) the most spirit (D)and determination. No error(E) (OG P896 27)
六.逻辑主语
逻辑主语的考点在SAT考试语法部分也是必考的一项，尤其在改进句子题(IS题型)中经常出现。逻辑主语考题在考试中的难度并不算大，并且非常容易将选项中的两到三个迅速排除，所以同学们只要把知识点掌握牢固，可以达到事半功倍的效果。
概述：
逻辑主语是非谓语动词动作的执行者或承受者;它们在逻辑上存在着主谓关系或动宾关系，却不能直接作非谓语动词的主语，因此叫逻辑主语。
例句：Quincy took Dan to Jack’s house for a visit, (A) never imagining(B) that ten years would pass (C) before seeing (D) Jack again. No error (E)
在SAT语法考试中，尤其是IS题型中通常的出现形式有：
a. 句子以分词开始(现在分词和过去分词);
b. 介词加名词开始;
c. 连词加分词或者形容词开始。
考点聚焦：
(1) 句子以现在分词开始
例句： Lacking good instruction, my mistakes in creating a graph to illustrate historical trends were numerous.
(A) my mistakes in creating a graph to illustrate historical trends were numerous
(B) I made numerous mistakes in creating a graph to illustrate historical trends
(C) there were numerous mistakes in the graph I created to illustrate historical trends
(D) I created a graph to illustrate historical trends with numerous mistakes
(E) The graph I made for illustrating historical trends had numerous mistakes
(2). 句子以过去分词开始
例句： Carried by the strong, dry winds of the stratosphere, the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens caused dust that crossed the United States in three days and circled the globe in two weeks.
(A) the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens caused dust that
(B) Mount Saint Helens’ eruption in 1980 caused dust that
(C) dust from the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens
(D) dust from the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens that
(E) there was dust from the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens and it
(3). 句子以介词加动名词开始
例句 By simply entering an internet website or calling a toll-free number, a catalog order can be placed for almost anything from cheesecakes to fully equipped desktop computers.
(A) a catalog order can be placed
(B) by placing a catalog order
(C) they will place your catalog order
(D) you can place a catalog order
(E) your catalog order can be placed
(4). 句子以连词加分词或形容词开始
例句： While driving down the road, the house with the large yard and small pond attracted the family’s attention
(A) the house with the large yard and small pond attracted the family’s attention
(B) the house having the large yard and a small pond attracted the attention of the family
(C) the house with the yard and small pond was attractive to the family’s attention
(D) the family’s attention was attracted by the house with the large yard and small pond
(E) the family was attracted to the house with the large yard and small pond