很多备考
There are three approaches to culture:
social anthropology, ethology, and psychology. (…Traditionally, social anthropologists have understood culture‘ as … )
Ethologists have tended to emphasize the phenomenon of culture – the behavior itself. (…Psychologists, in contrast, have concentrated on the mechanisms by which culture is learned….)
例(评述) In his new book Doctor Dolittle's Delusion, Stephen Anderson pours cold water on the widespread belief that the communication systems of animals, from bees to bonobos, are essentially similar to human languaGRE, arguing convincingly communicative abilities of a wide ranGRE of creatures: the dance of honeybees, the warning cries of monkeys, and the remarkable cognitive abilities of chimpanzees.
Bees famously indicate the direction, distance and quality of sources of pollen to their fellow workers by means of a 'waggle dance', which is often taken to show that they have a 'cognitive map' of the local terrain.
We are evolutionarily closer to other primates than to bees.
To complement his critique of 'animal languaGRE', Anderson also outlines what is special about human languaGRE: in a word, syntax.
主题 结构 态度 必考内容
TW, TS, CS: 文章较短首末段 KW, AW: 段落/意群的首末句
最重要是KW AW → 各段首句 + however /but /yet句
结构性句子： 首末句 转折句 态度句
段落结构
特指234段的主体论证内容，main body of the passaGRE.
一般模式： 总分
段落的结构与位置
Main idea, supporting details (contrast and comparison) [concession](Conclusion)→ KW(ts) a b c (cs)
段落模式 (KW展开的方式 = a b c 句子之间的关系; PARAGRAPH) 首句线索词与句间关联词 把握重点
(100-120字 2-3字) 考题
并列 Juxtaposition / parallelism 首句名词复数=NPs / 首句论点= A (has properties, causes) 中间for example, for instance; 或者In addition, Moreover, also another, furthermore 并列所属的大主题 并列找并列 (2-3个并列,找并列词; 4-5个并列,位置>内容) *时间并列：时间
*负评价并列：否定词
1. in order to→首句
2. 列举→ 并列内容之一
因果
Causation
机制 Mechanism 首句A effects/causes
B. 中间并列因果 parallel causation (A1 B1; A2 B2)
首句或有process
中间连续动词serial causation A B(A x y z B)
首句：因果找双方
首末句：机制找末句
1. 因果双方;尤其数量因果(正相关或负相关: A increases as B increases/ declines)
2. 细节→结果→末句
对比 Contrast & Comparison 对象对比
时间对比
*让步[转折] Concession [Refutation] 首句 differ, more than (A vs. B: a1a2 vs. b1b2) On the contrary, however,
on the other hand, different, In contrast, alternative, other.
首句chanGRE, contribute
early vs. recently /new / now most, typical vs. recent/new
Granted, … [However, ….] one may argue that…. [But…]
有无对比或程度对比 对比找反义 同上
转折或一对反义词 (anticipate objections)
1. 细节取非→对比内容(谁和谁比, 比的什么)→ A vs. B→相互取非, 反义词 同上
1. 细节取非→标记→ 答案出现对比词
( while, though, without, unlike, not the same )
以上就是关于“