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P1
Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop.
The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor.
The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air.
Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop.
As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled.
It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. (126 words)
1. According to the passage, the role of the flow restriction in a heat pump is to
(A) measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant mass at that point
(B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor
(C) bring about the evaporation and cooling of refrigerant
(D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air at that point
(E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow when needed
P2
Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points — periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders.
It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one‘s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.
The recent popular psychohistory, committed to Freudian psychoanalysis, takes a radically different approach.
This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it.
Psychohistory derives its "facts" not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history.
It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians.
Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the "deepest" explanation of any event that other explanations fall short of the truth.
2. Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?
(A) The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.
(B) Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.
(C) Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.
(D) The psychological assessment of an individual‘s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.
(E) History is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.
3. The author of the passage puts the word "deepest" in quotation marks most probably in order to
(A) question the usefulness of psychohistorians‘ insights into traditional historical scholarship
(B) draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians‘ method
(C) emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians‘ method and that of psychohistorians
(D) disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians‘ claims from her opinion of their method
(E) signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians‘ claims for their work
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