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短篇阅读
James W. Coleman’s book on John Edgar Wideman’s literary career addresses the needs of a general, if well-read, public rather than the esoteric vanities of scholarly specialists, whom he neither ignores nor flatters. To assume the former audience was familiar with every work Wideman ever penned would have been pretentious. Instead, Cole- man furnishes more than ample descriptive criticism and background information, avoiding the cryptic allusiveness that is favored by some academic critics but that discourages the undergraduate audience he likely envisioned. Unfortunately, this accent on bringing serious Wideman criticism to a broader audience often frustrates the reader who wishes that announced themes, techniques, and stylistic devices would not whisk by as quickly as world capitals on a seven-day package tour of the globe.
The reference to “a seven-day package tour of the globe” (line 10) is most likely meant to suggest a treatment that is
A. inclusive
B. cursory
C. focused
D. broad based
E. substantial
正确答案：B
题目解析：C为了让大众都能明白W的书，所以提供了丰富的信息。然而，这种做法也招来了读者们质疑，他们希望C的做法不会是走马观花式的。因此，答案要体现：1. 读者的担心(负面的);2.走马观花这一特点(即是快，或者是不细致)。对比选项发现只有B满足两个条件，选B
文章翻译：Coleman这个人写了一本关于John Edgar文学成就的书，这本书如果被好好的品读们就会发现是一本接地气的适合大众阅读的书，而不是用来给评论家批判的书。因此去质疑Coleman到底有没有读完所以关于John的作品然后再下笔写这本书的做法其实显得有一些无聊自大自作多情。相反，他的书运用了了大量的素材，抛弃了那些专家学者喜欢的模糊高深的判词(同时这些高深学术文字也是青年读者所不喜的。)不幸的是，这种戏说wideman的风格措辞虽然可以吸纳很多粉丝来阅读，但是也让那些希望严谨态度(包括从：理论方面，技术方面，风格方面，不需要很粗略走马观花的去看)细细解读wideman的人失望了。
长篇阅读
Most recent work on the history of leisure in Europe has been based on the central hypothesis of a fundamental discontinuity between preindustrial and industrial societies. According to this view, the modern idea of leisure did not exist in medieval and early modern Europe: the modern distinction between the categories of work and leisure was a product of industrial capitalism. Preindustrial societies had festivals (together with informal and irregular breaks from work), while industrial societies have leisure in the form of weekends and vacations. The emergence of leisure is there-fore part of the process of modernization. If this theory is correct, there is what Michel Foucault called a conceptual rupture between the two periods, and so the very idea of a history of leisure before the Industrial Revolution is an anachronism.
To reject the idea that leisure has had a continuous history from the Middle Ages to the present is not to deny that late medieval and early modern Europeans engaged in many pursuits that are now commonly considered leisure or sporting activities— jousting, hunting, tennis, card playing, travel, and so on—or that Europe in this period was dominated by a privileged class that engaged in these pursuits. What is involved in the discontinuity hypothesis is the recognition that the people of the Middle Ages and early modern Europe did not regard as belonging to a common category activities (hunting and gambling, for example) that are usually classified together today under the heading of leisure. Consider fencing: today it may be considered a “sport,” but for the gentleman of the Renaissance it was an art or science. Conversely, activities that today may be considered serious, notably warfare, were often described as pastimes.
Serious pitfalls therefore confront historians of leisure who assume continuity and who work with the modern concepts of leisure and sport, projecting them back onto the past without asking about the meanings contemporaries gave to their activities.
However, the discontinuity hypothesis can pose problems of its own. Historians holding this view attempt to avoid anachronism by means of a simple dichotomy, cutting European history into two eras, preindustrial and industrial, setting up the binary opposition between a “festival culture” and a “leisure culture.” The dichotomy remains of use insofar as it reminds us that the rise of industrial capitalism was not purely a phenomenon of economic history, but had social and cultural preconditions and consequences. The dichotomy, however, leads to distortions when it reduces a great variety of medieval and early modern European ideas, assumptions, and practices to the simple formula implied by the phrase “festival culture.”
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. refute the idea that the history of leisure is discontinuous
B. show why one of two approaches is more useful in studying the history of leisure
C. suggest the need for a new, more inclusive concept to replace the concept of leisure
D. trace the development of a theory about the history of leisure
E. point out the basis for, and the limits of, an approach to the history of leisure
正确答案：E
题目解析：第一段主要讲了recent work on the history of leisure的basis即hypothesis of discontinuity, 然后讲了这个hypothesis的主要内容。之后第二第三段，都是对这个hypothesis的补充说明，第二段说它不并代表否认medieval 和 Early modern 的欧洲有那些今天认为是leisure的追求，第三段说那些不用这个hypothesis的历史学家都有serious pitfalls即过去人们对leisure和sports的概念和现在完全不同。第三段 开头即陈述这个hypothesis有Problem，然后说历史学家使用dichotomy这个“approach”。然后具体讲dichotomy这个方法和它的problem也就是limit，即后文所说的distortion。因此全文是围绕basis和limits展开的，所以选E。
2. The author of the passage asserts that the “dichotomy” (last paragraph) can lead to which of the following?
A. Reliance on only one of several equally valid theoretical approaches
B. The imposition of modern conceptions and meanings on past societies
C. Failure to take into account the complexity of certain features of European culture
D. Failure to utilize new conceptual categories in the study of the history of leisure
E. Failure to take account of the distinction between preindustrial and industrial societies
正确答案：C
题目解析：本题是细节题，The dichotomy, however, leads to distortions when it reduces a great variety of medieval and early modern European ideas, assumptions, and practices to the simple formula implied by the phrase “festival culture.” 当他把中世纪和早期现代欧洲的理念，假设和实践都缩减到一个简单的公式——“节日文化”的时候，二分法导致了一种扭曲。 解题关键是 reduces a great variety of 和simple。对应Failure to take into account the complexity ,所以选C。
3. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage as a whole?
A. Two hypotheses are discussed, and evidence in support of one is presented.
B. A hypothesis is presented and discussed, and a limitation to the hypothesis is identified.
C. A hypothesis is proposed, its supposed advantages are shown to be real, and its supposed disadvantages are shown to be illusory.
D. A problem is identified, two hypotheses are advanced to resolve it, and both are rejected.
E. A problem is identified, two resolutions are proposed, and a solution combining elements of both is recommended.
正确答案：B
题目解析：本题需要在了解全文框架的基础上进行解答。文章第一段提出一个hypothesis，第二第三段围绕展开，最后点出这个hypothesis的问题和不足。所以选B。
逻辑阅读
Geographers and historians have traditionally held the view that Antarctica was first sighted around 1820, but some sixteenth-century European maps show a body that resembles the polar landmass, even though explorers of the period never saw it. Some scholars, therefore, argue that the continent must have been discovered and mapped by the ancients, whose maps are known to have served as models for the European cartographers.
Which of the following, if true, is most damaging to the inference drawn by the scholars?
A. The question of who first sighted Antarctica in modern times is still much debated, and no one has been able to present conclusive evidence.
B. Between 3,000 and 9,000 years ago, the world was warmer than it is now, and the polar landmass was presumably smaller.
C. There are only a few sixteenth-century global maps that show a continental landmass at the South Pole.
D. Most attributions of surprising accomplishments to ancient civilizations or even extraterrestrials are eventually discredited or rejected as preposterous.
E. Ancient philosophers believed that there had to be a large landmass at the South Pole to balance the northern continents and make the world symmetrical.
正确答案：E
题目解析：文章逻辑链：论据：1. 16世纪欧洲地图有南极大陆标识。2. 古人地图被用来作为欧洲制图师的参考模型。推出结论：部分学者认为南极洲是古人发现并做出地图的。问削弱。
A. 没有人能给出明确证据。两不相帮，无关。
B. 3000年前到9000年前之间，地球比现在更温暖，南极大陆更小。无关选项。
C. 只有一部分16世纪世界地图标识了南极大陆。即使只有一部分也能证明逻辑链存在。无法削弱。
D. 大部分被认为是古代文明甚至外星人创造的伟业最终都被证明是荒谬可笑的。即使大部分也不是全部，因此无法削弱逻辑链。
E. 古人认为南极有大陆只是出于世界对称性的猜测，认为有北极所以会有南极。也就是说古人认为有南极大陆并不是实际发现的，只是一种猜测。成功削弱逻辑链。正确。
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