Passage 5
In February 1848 the people of Paris rose in revolt against the constitutional monarchy of Louis-Philippe. Despite the existence of excellent narrative accounts, the February Days, as this revolt is called, have been largely ignored by social historians of the past two decades. For each of the three other major insurrections in nineteenth-century Paris—July 1830, June 1848, and May 1871—there exists at least a sketch of participants’ backgrounds and an analysis, more or less rigorous, of the reasons for the occurrence of the uprisings. Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization.
Two reasons for this relative neglect seem obvious. First, the insurrection of February has been overshadowed by that of June. The February Revolution overthrew a regime, to be sure, but met with so little resistance that it failed to generate any real sense of historical drama. Its successor, on the other hand, appeared to pit key socioeconomic groups in a life-or-death struggle and was widely seen by contemporary observers as marking a historical departure. Through their interpretations, which exert a continuing influence on our understanding of the revolutionary process, the impact of the events of June has been magnified, while, as an unintended consequence, the significance of the February insurrection has been diminished. Second, like other “successful” insurrections, the events of February failed to generate the most desirable kinds of historical records. Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1871 would be considered watersheds of nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they also present the social historian with a signal advantage: these failed insurrections created a mass of invaluable documentation as a by-product of authorities’ efforts to search out and punish the rebels.
Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848. Experiences are retold, but participants typically resume their daily routines without ever recording their activities. Those who played salient roles may become the objects of highly embellished verbal accounts or in rare cases, of celebratory articles in contemporary periodicals. And it is true that the publicly acknowledged leaders of an uprising frequently write memoirs. However, such documents are likely to be highly unreliable, unrepresentative, and unsystematically preserved, especially when compared to the detailed judicial dossiers prepared for everyone arrested following a failed insurrection.
As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.
1. With which of the following statements regarding revolution would the author most likely agree?
A. Revolutionary mobilization requires a great deal of planning by people representing disaffected groups.
B. The objectives of the February Revolution were more radical than those of the June insurrection.
C. The process of revolutionary mobilization varies greatly from one revolution to the next.
D. Revolutions vary greatly in the usefulness of the historical records that they produce.
E. As knowledge of the February Revolution increases, chances are good that its importance will eventually eclipse that of the June insurrection.
2. Which of the following is the most logical objection to the claim made in the last paragraph?
A. The February Revolution of 1848 is much less significant than the July insurrection of 1830.
B. The backgrounds and motivations of participants in the July insurrection of 1830 have been identified, however cursorily.
C. Even less is known about the July insurrection of 1830 than about the February Revolution of 1848.
D. Historical records made during the July insurrection of 1830 are less reliable than those made during the May insurrection of 1871.
E. The importance of the July insurrection of 1830 has been magnified at the expense of the significance of the February Revolution of 1848.
3. The purpose of the second paragraph is to explain why
A. the people of Paris revolted in February 1848 against the rule of Louis-Philippe
B. there exist excellent narrative accounts of the February Days
C. the February Revolution met with little resistance
D. a useful description of the participants in the February Revolution is lacking
E. the February Revolution failed to generate any real sense of historical drama
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers which of the following essential for understanding a revolutionary mobilization?
A. A comprehensive theory of revolution that can be applied to the major insurrections of the nineteenth century
B. Awareness of the events necessary for a revolution to be successful
C. Access to narratives and memoirs written by eyewitnesses of a given revolution
D. The historical perspective provided by the passage of a considerable amount of time
E. Knowledge of the socioeconomic backgrounds of a revolution’s participants
答案：D B D E