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86. Which one of the following, if true, lends the most support to the automakers’ current position?
A. The more stringent the legislation restricting emission becomes, the more difficult it becomes for automakers to provide the required technology economically.
B. Emissions-restriction technology can often be engineered so as to avoid reducing the efficiency with which an automobile uses fuel.
C. Not every new piece of legislation restricting emission requires new automotive technology in order for automakers to comply with it.
D. The more automobiles there are on the road, the more stringent emission restrictions must be to prevent increased overall air pollution.
E. Unless forced to do so by the government, automakers rarely make changes in automotive technology that is not related to profitability.
The automakers’ currently contends that these new restrictions would be overly expensive. If the situation is still the same, if there is no increased difficulty for the automakers to reach the difficulty, the reason here mentioned by them would be simply a scapegoat here for them to escape the necessary effort. However, if the truth is as said in choice A, the more stringent the legislation restricting emission becomes, the more difficult it becomes for automakers to provide the required technology economically, which means that because the current situation asks for even more advanced technology and the increased difficulty could not be overcome economically, the protest of the automakers is well supported.
A. actually weakens the automakers’ current position
B. it has nothing to do with supporting the automakers’ current position. Actually this claim could only express that the automakers do not need to protest that much.
C. If provided together with other information, such as “there are more and more cars on the roads”, the claim of D could serve as a weakening the automakers’ current position.
D. It only makes clear about why necessary for government to intervene and how to realize the plan about reducing the air pollution; in fact, it does not weaken or strengthen the automakers’ current position.
87. A survey was recently conducted among ferry passengers on the North Sea. Among the results was this: more of those who had taken anti-seasickness medication before their trip reported symptoms of seasickness than those who had not taken such medication. It is clear, then, that despite claims by drug companies that clinical tests show the contrary, people would be better off not taking anti-seasickness medications.
Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion above?
A. Given rough enough weather, most ferry passengers will have some symptoms of seasickness.
B. The clinical tests reported by the drug companies were conducted by the drug companies’ staffs.
C. People who do not take anti-seasickness medication are just as likely to respond to a survey on seasickness as people who do.
D. The seasickness symptoms of the people who took anti-seasickness medication would have been more severe had they not taken the medication.
E. People who have spent money on anti-seasickness medication are less likely to admit symptoms of seasickness than those who have not.
The passage concludes that the medicine is not useful at all because the people taking the drug appear to be sicker than those people not taking the drug. However, it does not consider the people taking the drug could appear to be even sicker if they do not take the drug. It does not make the wise comparison between two originally the same survey group. So D most accurately point out the lope hole in the reasoning of the passage, thus the best answer.
A. By eliminating the difference of the two survey groups, actually support the conclusion.
B. Without further information, the conclusion will not be changed a little whoever conducted the test.
C. By eliminating the difference of the two survey groups, weakly support the conclusion.
D. As discussed.
E. By even further decrease the sampling difference, E actually support the conclusion.
88. Court records from medieval France show that in the years 1300 to 1400 the number of people arrested in the French realm for “violent interpersonal crimes” (not committed in wars) increased by 30 percent over the number of people arrested for such crimes in the years 1200 to 1300. If the increase was not the result of false arrests, therefore, medieval France had a higher level of documented interpersonal violence in the years 1300 to 1400 than in the years 1200 to 1300.
Which one of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. In the years 1300 to 1400 the French government’s category of violent crimes included an increasing variety of interpersonal crimes that are actually nonviolent.
B. Historical accounts by monastic chroniclers in the years 1300 to 1400 are filled with descriptions of violent attacks committed by people living in the French realm.
C. The number of individual agreements between two people in which they swore oaths not to attack each other increased substantially after 1300.
D. When English armies tried to conquer parts of France in the mid-to late 1300s, violence in the northern province of Normandy and the southwestern province of Gascony increased.
E. The population of medieval France increased substantially during the first five decades of the 1300s, until the deadly bubonic plague decimated the population of France after 1348.
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参考答案：A
思路：他因削弱。
A. “1300-1400年间，法国政府的暴力罪范畴将越来越多的非暴力人际关系罪包括在内。”
B. “在有关1300-1400的历史记述中，充满了关于法国境内居民进行暴力攻击的描述。”无关选项。
C. “1300年以后，二人之间立誓不去互相攻击对方的个人协议大量增加。”无关选项，不能说明犯罪案件是否增加(协议增加可能会使犯罪减少，也可能因为犯罪增加导致协议增多)
D. “1300年中期至末期，在英国军队试图征服法国时，诺曼底北部省份及加斯科涅西南部省份的暴力犯罪有所上升” 支持结论
E. “致命的黑死病使法国人口在1348后大量减少，在此之前，14世纪前50年中法国人口大量增加” 无关选项，人口增加与人际关系犯罪案件上升无必然联系。
89. Rhizobium bacteria living in the roots of bean plants or other legumes produce fixed nitrogen, which is one of the essential plant nutrients and which for non-legume crops, such as wheat, normally must be supplied by applications of nitrogen-based fertilizer. So if biotechnology succeeds in producing wheat strains whose roots will play host to Rhizobium bacteria, the need for artificial fertilizers will be reduced.
The argument above makes which one of the following assumptions?
A. Biotechnology should be directed toward producing plants that do not require artificial fertilize.
B. Fixed nitrogen is currently the only soil nutrient that must be supplied by artificial fertilizer for growing wheat crops.
C. There are no naturally occurring strains of wheat or other grasses that have Rhizobium bacteria living in their roots.
D. Legumes are currently the only corps that produce their own supply of fixed nitrogen.
E. Rhizobium bacteria living in the roots of wheat would produce fixed nitrogen.
参考答案：E
思路：原文的结论是“如果生物工程可以成功培育出能寄生根瘤菌的小麦品种，对人工肥料的需求就会减少”;“生活在大豆或其它豆科植物根部的根瘤菌产生固氮(一种重要的植物养份)”是结论的major premise，应该在二者之间搭桥建立联系，即小麦上寄生的根瘤菌同样能产生固氮。
90. Current legislation that requires designated sections for smokers and nonsmokers on the premises of privately owned businesses is an intrusion into the private sector that cannot be justified. The fact that studies indicate that nonsmokers might be harmed by inhaling the smoke from others’ cigarettes is not the main issue. Rather, the main issue concerns the government’s violation of the right of private businesses to determine their own policies and rules.
Which of the following is a principle that, if accepted, could enable the conclusion to be properly drawn?
Government intrusion into the policies and rules of private businesses is justified only when individuals might be harmed.
The right of individuals to breathe safe air supersedes the right of businesses to be free from government intrusion.
The right of businesses to self-determination overrides whatever right or duty the government may have to protect the individual.
It is the duty of private businesses to protect employees from harm in the workplace.
Where the rights of businesses and the duty of government conflict, the main issue is finding a successful compromise.
Current legislation that requires designated sections for smokers and nonsmokers on the premises of privately owned businesses is an intrusion into the private sector that cannot be justified (conclusion from the argument). The fact that studies indicate that nonsmokers might be harmed by inhaling the smoke from others’ cigarettes is not the main issue (refute a possible reason that could be used to counter the conclusion). Rather, the main issue concerns the government’s violation of the right of private businesses to determine their own policies and rules (induce reason for the conclusion to be drawn).
A，反对原文论证
B，反对原文论证
C，答案，it makes clear that the right of business is more important than the duty for government to protect individual, building a bridge for the conclusion to be drawn.
D，无关
E，无关