Isadora Duncan's masterly writings on the dance reveal the depth of her determination to create a lyric form of the art which was free of characterization, storytelling, and the theatrical exhibition of skills. She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness. She shunned bodily ornamentation and strove to use only the natural movements of her body, undistorted by acrobatic exaggeration and stimulated only by internal compulsion. In her recitals Duncan danced to the music of Beethoven, Wagner, and Gluck, among others, but, contrary to popular belief, she made no attempt to visualize or to interpret the music; rather, she simply relied on it to provide the inspiration for expressing inner feelings through movement. She did not regard this use of music as ideal, however, believing that she would someday dispense with music entirely. That day never came.
1. The author is primarily concerned with Duncan's
(A) masterful lyricism as expressed in her writings on the dance
(B) concerted efforts to subdue the natural movements of the dance
(C) belated recognition that she could not actually fulfill all of her ideals for the dance
(D) basic standards for the dance form that she wished to create and perform
(E) continuous responsiveness to a popular misconception about the nature of her new art form
2. The author implies that Duncan relied on music in her recitals in order to
(A) interpret musical works solely by means of natural body movements
(B) foster the illusion that music serves as an inspiration for the dance
(C) inspire the expression of inner feeling when she danced
(D) validate the public belief that music inspires the expression of feeling through movement
(E) counter the public belief that she made no attempt to visualize music
3. According to the passage, Duncan intended to develop an art form that would do all of the following EXCEPT
(A) avoid the use of standard ballet techniques
(B) revitalize an earlier established vocabulary
(C) draw on internal sources of human expressiveness
(D) create intended effects without the use of acrobatic exaggeration
(E) derive inspiration solely from inner feelings
4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following endeavors is LEAST compatible with Duncan's ideals for the dance
(A) Using music to stimulate the inspiration to dance
(B) Attempting to free an art form of both characterization and storytelling
(C) Minimizing the theatrical exhibition of skills
(D) Being inspired to express inner feeling through movement
(E) Creating a lyric art form by drawing on inner personal resources
The recent, apparently successful, prediction by mathematical models of an appearance of EI Nino-the warm ocean current that periodically develops along the Pacific coast of South America-has excited researchers. Jacob Bjerknes pointed out over 20 years ago how winds might create either abnormally warm or abnormally cold water in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Nonetheless, until the development of the models no one could explain why conditions should regularly shift from one to the other, as happens in the periodic oscillations between appearances of the warm EI Nino and the cold so-called anti-El Nino. The answer, at least if the current model that links the behavior of the ocean to that of the atmosphere is correct, is to be found in the ocean.
It has long been known that during an El Nino, two conditions exist: (1) unusually warm water extends along the eastern Pacific, principally along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru, and (2) winds blow from the west into the warmer air rising over the warm water in the east. These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism by driving the warmer surface water into a "pile" that blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the east and further warms the eastern water, thus strengthening the wind still more. The contribution of the model is to show that the winds of an El Nino, which raise sea level in the cast, simultaneously send a signal to the west lowering sea level. According to the model, that signal is generated as a negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative, sea level, that moves westward parallel to the equator at 25 to 85 kilometers per day. Taking months to traverse the Pacific, Rossby waves march to the western boundary of the Pacific basin, which is modeled as a smooth wall but in reality consists of quite irregular island chains, such as, the Philippines and Indonesia.
When the waves meet the western boundary, they are reflected, and the model predicts that Rossby waves will be broken into numerous coastal Kelvin waves carrying the same negative sea-level signal. These eventually shoot toward the equator, and then head eastward along the equator propelled by the rotation of the Earth at a speed of about 250 kilometers per day. When enough Kelvin waves of sufficient amplitude arrive from the western Pacific, their negative sea-level signal overcomes the feedback mechanism tending to raise the sea level, and they begin to drive the system into the opposite cold mode. This produces a gradual shift in winds, one that will eventually send positive sea-level Rossby waves westward, waves that will eventually return as cold cycle-ending positive Kelvin waves, beginning another warming cycle.
5. The primary function of the passage as a whole is to
(A) introduce a new explanation of a physical phenomenon
(B) explain the difference between two related physical phenomena
(C) illustrate the limitations of applying mathematics to complicated physical phenomena
(D) indicate the direction that research into a particular physical phenomenon should take
(E) clarify the differences between an old explanation of a physical phenomenon and a new model of it
6. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph
(A) A theory is presented and criticized.
(B) A model is described and evaluated.
(C) A result is reported and its importance explained.
(D) A phenomenon is noted and its significance debated.
(E) A hypothesis is introduced and contrary evidence presented.
7. According to the passage, which of the following features is characteristic of an EI Nino
(A) Cold coastal water near Peru
(B) Winds blowing from the west
(C) Random occurrence
(D) Worldwide effects
(E) Short duration
8. According to the model presented in the passage, which of the following normally signals the disappearance of an EI Nino
(A) The arrival in the eastern Pacific of negative sea-level Kelvin waves.
(B) A shift in the direction of the winds produced by the start of an anti-EI Nino elsewhere in the Pacific.
(C) The reflection of Kelvin waves after they reach the eastern boundary of the Pacific, along Ecuador and Peru.
(D) An increase in the speed at which negative Rossby waves cross the Pacific.
(E) The creation of a reservoir of colder, deep ocean water trapped under the pile of warmer, surface ocean water.
9. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would result fairly immediately from the cessation of the winds of an El Nino
I. Negative Rossby waves would cease to be generated in the eastern Pacific.
II. The sea level in the eastern Pacific would fall.
III. The surface water in the eastern Pacific would again be cooled by being mixed with deep water.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only
(E) I, II, and III
10. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the validity of the model of EI Nino that is presented in the passage
(A) During some years EI Nino extends significantly farther along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru than during other years.
(B) During periods of unusually cool temperatures along the eastern Pacific, an EI Nino is much colder than normal.
(C) The normal upwelling of cold water in the eastern Pacific depends much more on the local characteristics of the ocean than on atmospheric conditions.
(D) The variations in the time it takes Rossby waves to cross the Pacific depend on the power of the winds that the waves encounter.
(E) The western boundary of the Pacific basin is so irregular that it impedes most coastal Kelvin waves from heading eastward.
11. The passage best supports the conclusion that during an anti-El Nino the fastest-moving signal waves are
(A) negative Rossby waves moving east along the equator
(B) positive Rossby waves moving west along the equator
(C) negative Kelvin waves moving west along the equator
(D) positive Kelvin waves moving west along the equator
(E) positive Kelvin waves moving east along the equator