无论大家是在平常的背考练习中还是在参加
085.The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.
=The hydrologic cycle/，a major topic in this science/，is the complete cycle of phenomena/ through which water passes/，beginning as atmospheric water vapor/， passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation/，thence along and into the ground surface/，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor/ by means of evaporation and transpiration.
#水文循环/，一个主要课题该学科中的/，就是指整个循环过程/水经历的/，开始是大气中的水蒸气/，进而变成液体和固体形态作为降水/，由此流经地表或进入地表/，终又变回大气水蒸气形态/通过蒸发和气化作用。
*这句话讲的是水的循环过程，不读这个句子，句子大意也略知一二，句子中有些专
业词语我们能猜出其意， 如：precipitation，在 passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation 中，我们可以知道是液体或固体的形态，那一定会降落下来，而不是停留在空中，所以是降水。如果我们对句子的大意略知一二读起来就容易得多，但 ETS 没有那么仁慈，除非正好是你所学的专业，否则翻译成中文也不知道在讲什么。
086.The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.
=The historian Frederick J. Turner/ wrote in the 1890’s/ that the agrarian discontent/ that had been developing steadily in the United States/ since about 1870/ had been precipitated/ by the closing of the internal frontier/——that is/，the depletion/ of available new land /needed for further expansion /of the American farming system.
#史学家 Frederick J. Turner/写道/于十九世纪九十年代/，农民的不满/一直在不断发展的在美国/自 1870 年以来/已经加剧/由于封闭国内边疆/——即/，枯竭/可利用的新土地/进一步扩大所需的/美国农业系统的(扩大)。
*这个句子虽然有点长，但是意思却很容易理解，因为这个句子是人为加了一些修饰成分才变的很长的，对于这样的句子抓住句子的中心内容就可以了。
087.In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges， nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
= In the early 1950’s/，historians/ who studied preindustrial Europe/ (which we may define here as Europe/ in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800)/ began/， for the first time/ in large numbers/，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population/ than the 2 or 3 percent/ who comprised the political and social elite/：the kings， generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates/ who had hitherto/ usually filled history books.
#在二十世纪五十年代早期/，史学家们/研究前工业时代欧洲的/(我们可将其定义为欧洲/这一时期的约自 1300 至 1800)/开始/，首次/很多人/，调查前工业时代欧洲人口 ：国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方官/，他们曾经充斥于史学著作。
*这个句子比较长，需要我们耐心阅读，有个地方很有迷惑性要尤其注意，investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite，调查的是百分之二或三的人口吗?不是。调查的是多于百分之二或三的人口，也就是百分之二或三的人口之外的那些人。
088.Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups(these attitudes include， but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law)and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.
=Historians/ such as Le Roy Ladurie/ have used the documents to extract case histories/，which have illuminated the attitudes/ of different social groups/ (these attitudes include/，but are not confined to/，attitudes toward crime and the law)/and have revealed/ how the authorities administered justice/.
#史学家/如 Le Roy Ladurie/曾经利用这些文献去提取出个案史/，它们说明了态度/不同社会群体的/(这些态度包括/，但并非局限于/，对犯罪和法律的态度)/，并揭示出/当权者是如何妨碍司法的。
*这个句子本来很容易理解，但是在中间用括号加了一个句子，打乱了读者的思路，使句子的难度增加。但是我们知道括号中的内容是补充内容，也就是可有可无，没有它原句仍然成立，所以我们可以跳过括号看全句，读完再看括号中的内容。这个
句子如果变成…which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups that
include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law…难度又增加了，所以有些内容可以跳过，或者存放在脑中的另一部分，不去打扰句子的主要意思。
089.My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
=My point/ is/ that its central consciousness/—its profound understanding of class and gender/ as shaping influences/ on people’s lives/—owes much to that earlier literary heritage/，a heritage/ that，in general/，has not been sufficiently valued/ by most contemporary literary critics.
#我的观点是/，其作品的中心思想——它深刻理解阶级和性别/作为决定性影响/对人的生活的——在很大程度上借鉴了早期的文学遗产/，这些遗产/总体上/还未受到足够重视/大多数当代文学评论家的。
*这个句子与上一句很相似，两个破折号中间的内容也是补充性的，这种情况下破折号就相当于括号，中间的内容可看可不看。
090.But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
=But achieving necessary matches/ in physical properties/ across interfaces between living and nonliving matter/ requires knowledge/ of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other/—an area/ that we have not yet
explored thoroughly.
#但是，达到必要匹配/生理性质上的/沿着界面在有生命和无生命物质之间，需要知识 /，哪些分子控制着细胞的结合彼此间的/——这一领域/，我们尚未进行充分的探索。
*这个句子融入了专业知识，但大意并不难理解，本句中破折号是解释说明的作用，破折号后面的内容还是要注意的。
091.Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
=Islamic law is a phenomenon/ so different from all other forms of law/—notwithstanding/，of course/，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences/ with one or the other of them/ as far as subject matter and positive enactments/ are concerned/—that its study is indispensable/ in order to appreciate adequately/ the full range of possible legal phenomena.
#伊斯兰法是一种现象/如此不同于所有其它法律形式的/——毋庸置疑/，当然，/相当数量的且不可避免的巧合之处/与其它法律形式的/就其主要内容和积极的规定而言 /——以致于对它的研究不可或缺/，以便充分理解/全部范围可能存在的法律现象的 。
*这个句子比较长，而且中间又加入了一个意思，所以比较难以理解，注意把两个意
思分开理解。注意对有些固定短语，句型的理解，如：as far as ……are concerned， so ……that，等。
092.Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
= Though historically there is a discernible break/ between Jewish law/ of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora/ (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)/， the spirit of the legal matter/ in later parts of the Old Testament/ is very close to that of the Talmud/， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
#虽然历史上看/，有一个明显的断裂/在犹太法律之间/独立主权国家的古代以色列(时期)的/与 Diaspora 时期(的犹太法律)/，(即古代犹太人被流放以色列被征服后)/，但是法律内容的精神/《旧约全书》后半部分中的/与《犹太教法典》的很相近/，《犹太教法典》是指犹太法律的主要典籍之一/在 Diaspora 时期。
*这个句子比较长,也比较复杂, 有的地方很有迷惑性, 如: between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora 是指在不同时期的犹太法律之间, 如果改成 and that of Diaspora 就很容易理解了;此外，由于涉及到历史方面的内容，有些专有名词认识就反映不认识就过去。
093.Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it;Islamic law is the result of an examination from a religious angle，of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic/ Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples/ of the conquered territories.
= Islam/，on the other hand/，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism/ that preceded it/;Islamic law/ is the result of an examination/ from a religious angle/，of legal subject matter/ that was far from uniform/，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia/ and numerous legal elements/ taken over from the non-Arab peoples/ of the conquered territories.
#伊斯兰教/，另一方面/，代表着完全决裂/与阿拉伯异教/此前存在的的/;伊斯兰法律 /是考察的结果/从宗教的角度/，对法律内容/极不规范的/，内容来自各种各样的组成部分前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家法律的/和无数法律特色/借鉴过来/从非阿拉伯民族/被征服的土地上的。
*这个句子比较长，还融入了法律方面的知识，但并不难理解，有些词认识就反映不认识就过去，如：Arab paganism 阿拉伯异教等。相反有些多义词要仔细理解，如： legal elements 法律特色等。
094.One such novel idea is that of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，the intensified research on legumes.
= One such novel idea/ is that of inserting into the chromosomes of plants/ discrete genes/ that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution/：specifically/，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants/ the genes/，
if they can be identified and isolated/，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts/ for
nitrogen-fixing bacteria./ Hence，the intensified research on legumes.
#一个新奇的想法/就是插入在植物的染色体中/不相关联的因基/不是该植物自然组成部分的/：具体而言/，这个想法就是/插入在非豆科植物内/这样一些基因/，如果他们能被辨识出来并被分离开来/，他们使豆科植物适合充当寄主/那些具备固氮作用的细菌的/。因此，研究深入对豆科植物的。
*这个句子很难理解，因为融入了太多的专业知识，但是知识要求并不高，如果以前对基因方面以及豆类植物固氮作用略知一二，理解大意还是不成问题的。