Questions 100-101
Zelda: Dr. Ladlow, a research psychologist, has convincingly demonstrated that his theory about the determinants of rat behavior generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze. On the basis of this evidence, Dr. Ladlow has claimed that his theory is irrefutably correct.
Anson: Then Dr. Ladlow is not a responsible psychologist, Dr. Ladlow’s evidence does not conclusively prove that his theory is correct. Responsible psychologists always accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect.
100. Which one of the following can be properly inferred from Anson’s argument?
A. Dr. Ladlow’s evidence that his theory generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze is inaccurate.
B. Psychologists who can derive consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze from their theories cannot responsibly conclude that those theories cannot be disproved.
C. No matter how responsible psychologists are, they can never develop correct theoretical explanations.
D. Responsible psychologists do not make predictions about how rats will perform in a maze.
E. Psychologists who accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect are responsible psychologists.
Let me give you an outline of how I do this question.
1. After reading the question, I know that it is an INFERENCE question. I know that the answer is a REQUIRED condition for the conclusion.
2. Read the argument and understand that the Anson’s conclusion is: Dr. Ladlow is not a responsible psychologist. The premise is: a. research was not conclusive, and b. Responsible psychologists always accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect.
3. Read the choices.
a. Typical wrong answer. It is irrelevant because whether the evidence is accurate or not is not what Anson cares about. It is the conclusiveness of the evidence that he cares about. Whether it is accurate or not, if the two conditions in (2) are met, the doctor is not responsible according to Anson’s argument.
b. Reads like right answer. It follows both 2a and 2b. Use “not” to test it: Psychologists who can derive consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze from their theories CAN responsibly conclude that those theories cannot be disproved. It is a statement that directly counters Anson’s argument. So if Not B is true, Anson’s argument does not hold.
c. This is another typical wrong answer. It is contrary to what Anson argues. So it cannot be right. Use “not” to test it and I can see that Not C is in accordance with Anson. So C is not right.
d. D does not follow the reasoning of Anson. Anson does not care about if it is about rats in a maze or birds in a cage. What he cares about is how theories are drawn by psychologists. So D can be removed quickly.
e. Another typical wrong answer. A B does not equal to B A. Basic logic error.
101. Anson bases his conclusion about Dr. Ladlow on which one of the following?
A. an attack on Dr. Ladlow’s character
B. the application of a general principle
C. the use of an ambiguous term
D. the discrediting of facts
E. the rejectiion of a theoretical explanation
Questions 102-103
The brains of identical twins are genetically identical. When only one of a pair of identical twins is a schizophrenic, certain areas of the affected twin’s brain are smaller than corresponding areas in the brain of the unaffected twin. No such differences are found when neither twin is schizophrenic. Therefore, this discovery provides definitive evidence that schizophrenia is caused by damage to the physical structure of the brain.
102. Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?
(A) The brain of a person suffering from schizophrenia is smaller than the brain of anyone not suffering from schizophrenia.
(B) The relative smallness of certain parts of the brains of schizophrenics is not the result of schizophrenia or of medications used in its treatment.
(C) The brain of a person with an identical twin is no smaller, on average, than the brain of a person who is not a twin.
(D) When a pair of identical twins both suffer from schizophrenia, their brains are the same size.
(E) People who have an identical twin are no more likely to suffer from schizophrenia than those who do not.
答案：B
思路：
题干：assumption
原文：If one schizophrenic，then one smaller。If neither schizophrenic, then no difference. Conclusion: damage to physical structure cause schizophrenic
核心词：schizophrenic 注意：比较是在twin中进行的
我的习惯是从下到上地看选项。
E 无关项
D 原文没有的信息
C扩大了比较范围
A 扩大了比较范围
B ETS最爱：无他因
103. If the statements on which the conclusion above is based are all true, each of the following could be true EXCEPT:
A. People who lack a genetic susceptibility for the disease will not develop schizophrenia
B. Medications can control most of the symptoms of schizophrenics share many of the characteristics found in those of people without the disorder
C. The brains of schizophrenics share many of the characteristics found in those of people without the disorder
D. It will eventually be possible to determine whether or not someone will develop schizophrenia on the basis of genetic information alone
E. Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia are the result of childhood viral infections that inhibit the development of brain cells
答案：C
题干： could be true, EXCEPT = must be false (按照老管的方法，找最确定的)
选项(从下到上)：
E 完全超出原文，不能判断
C完全超出原文，不能判断
B完全超出原文，不能判断
A超出原文，不能判断
D 注意文章第一句：“genetically identical”，选项最后一词“alone”。
104. That the policy of nuclear deterrence has worked thus far is unquestionable. Since the end of the Second World War, the very fact that there were nuclear armaments in existence has kept major powers from using nuclear weapons, for fear of starting a worldwide nuclear exchange that would make the land of the power initiating it uninhabitable. The proof is that a third world war between superpowers has not happened.
Which one of the following, if true, indicates a flaw in the argument?
A. Maintaining a high level of nuclear armaments represents a significant drain on a country’s economy.
B. From what has happened in the past, it is impossible to infer with certainty what will happen in the future, so an accident could still trigger a third world war between superpowers.
C. Continuing to produce nuclear weapons beyond the minimum needed for deterrence increase the likelihood of a nuclear accident.
D. The major powers have engaged in many smaller-scale military operations since the end of the Second World War, while refraining from a nuclear confrontation.
E. It cannot be known whether it was nuclear deterrence that worked, or some other factor, such as a recognition of the economic value of remaining at peace.
答案：E
题干：flaw
原文：
Conclusion：policy worked.
Evidence: end of 2 world war ; 3 world war not happen.
casual explanation.
选项：从下到上
E 他因
D 事实陈述 可以作为weaken
C 无关项
B 迷惑项 请注意：原文是从已知的事实来推测导致事实的原因，所以该事实是不能被反对的。
A 无关项
105. A survey of alumni of the class of 1960 at Aurora University yielded puzzling results. When asked to indicate their academic rank, half of the respondents reported that they were in the top quarter of the graduating class in 1960.
Which one of the following most helps account for apparent contradiction above?
A. A disproportionately large number of high ranking alumni responded to the survey.
B. Few, if any, respondents were mistaken about their class rank.
C. Not all the alumni who were actually in the top quarter responded to the survey.
D. Almost all of the alumni who graduated in 1960 responded to the survey.
E. Academic rank at Aurora University was based on a number of considerations in addition to average grades.
【正确答案】A
【解题思路】
本题的类型是解释类，即解释一个客观事实或现象发生的原因。
本题所陈述的客观事实是：参加调查的一半的对象(1960年的男校友)显示他们的成绩排名处于班上的前四分之一。
本题的考点是整体与部分之间的比例关系的逻辑思维。首先可以排除的是选项C和D，选项C说不是所有排名处于前四分之一的男校友参加了调查，选项D说几乎所有的1960年的男校友参加了调查，都更不利于解释已发生的事实，即使这个客观事实发生的可能性减少。选项E说学校的排名除了考虑平均成绩外，还考虑其他很多因素，但至少还是存在排名的，因此与发生的事实风牛马不相及。只有选项A说大量的不成比例的排名在前的男校友参加了调查最好地解释的所发生的客观事实， 选项B即使可能解释所发生的客观事实，也不如A选项为优。