1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
A.They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.
B.They were able to sell their produce at high prices.
C.They had not been successful in raising cattle.
D.They did not operate in a national market economy.
2.What is the purpose of the statement, “Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there”in paragraph 1?
A.To illustrate that generally population shifts occur rapidly.
B.To correct a mistaken impression of American agriculture from 1810 to 1840.C.To emphasize the range and speed with which the westward migration occurred.
D.To demonstrated how attractive the Appalachian Mountains were to Americans.
3.The word "fringes" in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to
A.borders.
B.groups.
C.types.
D.directions.
4.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americans migrated westward EXCEPT
A.the desire to move from one place to the next.
B.the hope of improving their socioeconomic status.
C.the opportunity to change jobs.
D.the need to escape religious or political crises.
5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 3)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Because the West had more rivers and forests than the East, its soil was more productive.
B.The fertile soils of the West drew farmers from regions with barren soils.
C.Farmers living in western areas of the United States were more affected by soil erosion than farmers living in eastern areas.
D.The soil in western areas of the United States was richer than soil in eastern areas.
6.According to paragraph 3, what was the significance of the land law passed in 1820?
A.It granted government-supported loans to farmers.
B.It provided farmland at an affordable price.
C.It required banks to offer loans to farmers.
D.It enabled farmers to sell their land for a profit.
7.The word "proliferation" in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to
A.growth.
B.cooperation.
C.importance.
D.success.
8.Paragraph 4 suggests that turnpikes affected farmers by
A.making the price of grain uniform for both eastern and western farmers.
B.making western farm products more profitable than eastern farm products.
C.allowing farmers to drive their livestock across mountain trails.
D.allowing a greater number of farmers to sell their farm products in a commercial market.
9.The word "superseded" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to
A.replaced.
B.reformed.
C.equaled.
D.increased.
10.The word "diverted" in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to
A.collected.
B.shifted.
C.transported.
D.sold.
11.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about flatboats and keelboats?
A.They ceased to be used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.
B.They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.
C.They were used for long-distance but not for regional transportation.
D.They were used primarily on the Erie Canal.
12.Paragraph 5 mentions that the Erie Canal led to a reduction in all of the following EXCEPT
A.the length of the route that goods from the West traveled across to reach eastern markets.
B.the cost of transporting freight.
C.the price of produce from western states.
D.the amount of produce from western states that was shipped on rivers.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage. In fact, goods could be shipped more cheaply across the much greater distance of the Atlantic Ocean than they could from western New York to coastal cities.
Transportation was becoming less of a problem for those who wished to move west and for those who had farm surpluses to send to market. ■【A】Prior to 1815, western farmers who did not live on navigable waterways were connected to them only by dirt roads and mountain trails. ■【B】Livestock could be driven across the mountains, but the cost of transporting bulky grains in this fashion was several times greater than their value in eastern markets. ■【C】The first step toward an improvement of western transportation was the construction of turnpikes. ■【D】These roads made possible a reduction in transportation costs and thus stimulated the commercialization of agriculture along their routes.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The westward movement of population across the United States led to expanded agricultural production.
A.The desire to improve their livelihood often inspired people to move west.
B.Among the people who moved to the western United States were a number of artisans.
C.The fertility of western farmland as well as favorable government policies supported agricultural gains.
D.Steamboats were originally used to transport passengers rather than freight.
E.Commercial farming in the West was greatly enhanced by improvements in land and water transportation.
F.The transportation revolution resulted in regional economies that operated independently of a national market economy.
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