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By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter.After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling....
到19世纪中期，“冰箱”一词已经进入了美国语言，但冰仅仅开始影响美国普通公民的饮食。冰贸易随着城市的发展而增长。冰被用在旅馆、酒馆和医院里，也被一些有远见的城市商人用在鲜肉、鲜鱼和黄油上。内战(1861-1865)之后，冰被用来冷藏货车，也开始进入家庭使用。甚至在1880年前，半数在纽约、费城和巴尔的摩销售的冰，三分之一在波士顿和芝加哥销售的冰，都被家庭使用。这之所以成为可能，是因为人们发明了一种新的家用电器——冰箱——现代冰箱的前身。
制造一个高效的冰箱并不像我们现在想象的那么容易。在19世纪早期，对制冷科学至关重要的热物理知识是很基本的。有常识的概念,最好的冰箱是一个防止冰融化当然是错误的,因为它是冰的融化,冷却....执行
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